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Because group 1 has 1 electron in it's outer most shell and the have to fill the energy level, so they gave there electron and form positive ion (cation).

And group 17 has 7 electrons in it's outer most shell and they need to complete their shell so the gain electron and form negative ion (anion).

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Q: Why lithium and other group 1 elements usually form positive ions while fluorine and other group 17 elements form negative ions?
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