PPBE
The allocation process in a particular society's economy is the process by which the three fundamental economic questions get answered in the society.
encourages innovation
The allocation of goods refers to the process of distributing resources and products among various consumers, businesses, or markets. It involves decisions about how much of each good should be produced, who should receive it, and at what price. Allocation can occur through various mechanisms, such as market forces, government intervention, or centralized planning. Efficient allocation aims to maximize utility and minimize waste, ensuring that resources are used effectively to meet consumer needs.
Contiguous allocation is a memory management technique where a single block of memory is allocated to a process in a single, continuous segment. This means that all of the process's data and instructions are stored in adjacent memory addresses, which can enhance access speed due to spatial locality. However, it can lead to fragmentation, where free memory is split into small, non-contiguous blocks, making it difficult to allocate larger segments for new processes. This method is often contrasted with paging or segmentation, which allow for non-contiguous memory allocation.
a costing system that does not divide cost by function or allocation or een by each part of the manufacturing process. it takes a total cost and divides it by each part of the process. so essentially each part of the manufacturing process is assigned an equal estimated cost.
PPBE
Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution
Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS)
Resource allocation refers to setting aside resources. Resource utilization refers to how resources are used.
In Wait for Graph the request edge is a directed edge Pi → Pj which indicates that process Pj is holding a resource that process Pi needs and thus Pi is waiting for Pj to release its lock on that resource. It does not have any allocation edge.In case of Resource Allocation Graph the request edge is a directed edge Pi → Rj which indicates that process Pi is requesting resource Rj. It has an allocation edge from Rj→Pk when the resource Rj is allocated to process Pk.The way the graphs are drawn are also different but both of them are used in deadlock detection.
Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution System (PPBE)
The resource chart provides information about the availability and allocation of resources, such as materials, equipment, and personnel. It shows how resources are being utilized, their current status, and any potential constraints or bottlenecks in the resource allocation process.
Resource allocation is the process and decision of allocating money to a specific project or business unit.
The administration controls the allocation of resources for a particular company. The making of the budget is the primary planning process by which this allocation of resources is decided.
The operating system prevents starvation in resource allocation processes by using algorithms that prioritize fairness and ensure that all processes have a chance to access resources, rather than allowing one process to monopolize them indefinitely.
Let Request i be the request vector for process Pi. If Request [i, j] = k, then process Pi wants k instances of resource type Rj. When a request for resources is made by process Pi, the following actions are taken: 1. If Request i < Need i, go to step 2. Otherwise, raise an error condition, since the process has exceeded its maximum claim. 2. If Request i  Available, go to step 3. Otherwise, Pi must wait, since the resources are not available. 3. Have the system pretend to have allocated the requested resources to process Pj by modifying the state as follows: Available: = Available – Request i; Allocation i := Allocation + Request i; Need i := Need i – Request i; If the resulting Resource-allocation State is safe, the transaction is completed and process Pi is allocated its resources. However, if the new state is unsafe, then Pi must wait for Request i and the old resource-allocation state is restored.
1. Strategy formulation 2. Target setting 3. Planning/ budgeting (resource allocation) 4. Monitoring/ reporting