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Monetary policy tools, such as interest rate adjustments and open market operations, can be highly effective in influencing economic activity, controlling inflation, and stabilizing the financial system. Lowering interest rates tends to stimulate borrowing and spending, while raising them can help cool off an overheating economy. However, their effectiveness can be limited by factors like the liquidity trap, where interest rates are already low and cannot be lowered further, and by time lags in the impact of these policies. Additionally, external factors, such as global economic conditions, can also influence their effectiveness.

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