If Pepsi is trying to engage in monopolistic competition why do they keep introducing new flavors of Pepsi and Mountain Dew?

Define industrial origin approach?

A policy or approach to the manufacture and selling of flavors that does not consider product type as much as end use. Here, the concept is one where the same flavor cannot necessarily be used in different applications, and each flavor must be modified to meet the need of the industry into which it will be promoted. Specialists might be assigned the task of learning the inside information in a given industry, its policies, trade organizations, industry shows, important personnel, etc. These specialists are called industry managers or industrial marketing managers. The industrial units in the flavor industry are included in Chart 238.

What is meant by global localization?

Customizing a product or service offered by a global entity, according to consumers of specific region is called Global Localization. For Example: Coca-Cola is a global company. It prefers that product offerings from country to country are the same. Prefers, due to system efficiencies, but doesn't insist upon it. For example: Despite being popular in the U.S., there is no Cherry Coke in Canada. It has been introduced a few times and failed each time. There is no local demand for that product. There IS, however, a demand for more Five Alive flavors at a higher juice content so Coca-Cola changes the base product to supply it. That local success is then tested in other countries. Coca-Cola thinks globally but acts locally.

What type of government controls all aspect of the economy?

There are many political flavors of that, but over all, it's called a "Command" economy. Examples can be nations that outright acknowledged this, such as the Soviet Union in the past, or China today. Or it can be nations that choose to keep the outward forms of freedom in name, but command all aspects of the economy all the same. Such as the United Kingdom or the United States. Between those two extremes - of utter honesty about the control and utter insistence that the obvious isn't taking place - are all the rest of the nations, all with more or less of a command economy, all with varying degrees of admitting this. There are special enclaves of non-command economies. More technically, the command is very light. Hong Kong had been a prime example. Various little nations scattered about the globe still retain a largely free market existence. These are handy for those in charge of the command economies to have a place to keep their funds.

Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy?

Aromatic (Aroma Producing) plants are those plants which produce a certain type of aroma. Their aroma is due to the presence of some kind of essential oil with chemical constituents that contain at least one benzene ring in the their chemical configuration .1Volatile oil:A substance of oily consistency and feel, derived from a plant and containing the principle to which the odor and taste of the plant are due (essential oil), in contrast to a fatty oil, a volatile oil evaporates when exposed to the air and thus is capable of distillation, it may also be obtained by expression or extraction, many volatile oils, identical to or closely resembling the natural oils identical to or closely resembling the natural oils can be made synthetically. Also known as ethereal oil.5 The essential oil industry was traditionally a cottage industry in India . Since 1974, a number of industrial companies have been established for large scale production of essential oils, oleo resins and perfume. The essential oils from plants being produced in India include ajowain oil, cedar wood oil, celery oil, citronella oil, davana oil, eucalyptus oil, geranium oil, lavender oil. lemon grass oil , mentha oil , palmarosa oil, patchaouli rose oil , sandal wood oil , turpentine oil and vetiver oil .The manufacture of turpentine oil , and resin from pine is a sizable and well established industry in India having 10,000 - 25000 tones annual production of the oil , Î± - pinine and Î´-3 carene are the two vital components produced from the oil. Î± - Ionone from lemongrass oil for perfumery and Î²- ionone for vitamin A synthesis are produced in India . Before 1960, menthol was not produced in India but the introduction of Japanese mint, Mentha arvensis and subsequent improvements therefore enabled India to produces over 500 tones of menthol and now tops the world market in export of natural menthol 4Although the production of major oils is highly organized, a number of developing countries have volatile oil rich flora not fully utilized or cultivated and the United Nation. Industrial Development Organization has taken steps to inform on the setting up of rural based small scale essential oil industries 3Essential OilsThe chemical components of essential oils can be divided into two main categories, the hydrocarbon monoterpenes , diterpenes and sesquiterpenes , as well as some oxides , phenolices and sulphur and nitrogen containing material . Common terpenes include limonene which occurs in most citrus oils, and the antiseptic pine, found in pine and terpene oils. Important sesquterpenes include chamzulene and farnesene which occur in chamomile oil and which have been widely studied for anti inflammatory and bactericidal properties. The extensive occurrence of ester in essential oil include linalyl acetate , which is a component bergamot and lavender , and geranyl acetate found in sweet marjoram .Other common ester are the bornyl, eugenyl and lavendulyl acetate. The characteristic fruity aromas of esters are claimed to have sedative and fungicidal properties.Aldehydes are also clamed to have sedative properties, the most common being citralnellal and neral found in lemon sconted oils, citral also has antiseptic properties. Equally pungent to the aldehydes in many instances are the ketones such as jasmine and funchone found in jasmine and fennel oil, respectively. Ketones such as camphor, carnone , methone and pine comphone , found in many proprietary preparation are effective in upper respiratory tract complaints . However, some ketones are also among the more toxic components essential oils such they one found in pennyroyal and buchu.The alcohol within essential oils is generally nontoxic. Commonly occurring terpene alcohols include citronellal found in rose, lemon and eucalyptus, also geramnial, bornenol , fornenesol , menthol , nerol and linalool occurring in rose wood and lavender . Alcohol has antiseptic and antiviral properties and in aromatherapy are claimed to have an uplifting qualityA wide range of oxides occur in essential oils including ascaridol , bisabolol and bisaleolone oxides and linalool oxide from hyssop . The most important oxide, however, is cineole . Also known as eucalyptus oil, it occurs extensively in other oils such as bey laurel, rosemary and cajuput. It is used medicinally for its expectorant properties. 3Use of Essential oilIndian ScenarioIndia is one of the few countries in the world having varied agro climatic zones suitable for the cultivation of a host of essential oil bearing plants. Due to increased awareness of health hazards associated with synthetic chemicals coupled with the increase coast of petroleum products, the use of essential oils have been gradually increasing. The consumers are showing increasing preference for natural material over the synthetic. During the last few years with the spurt in the production of essential oils it is emerging as a potential agro based industry in India. At present in India about 30b % of the fine chemical used annually in perfumes and flavors come from essential oils. The total consumption of perfumery and flavorings material in India is abut 3800 MT / annum valued at Rs 100 crores. Food, dental, Pharmaceutical flavors share is around 700 MT and te rest represents perfumery. The estimated production of perfumery raw material is around 500 tones / annum valued at Rs 400 crores. According to trade Development Authority of India the total production of fragrance excluding formulation for captive consumption by the user industry is about Rs 120 crores /annum. A number of essential oils form palmarosa , citronella ginger grass , basil , mint , lemon grass , eucalyptus cedar wood , lavender oil , davana oil , celery seed oil , fennel and other oils have been widely used in a variety of products in India . Out of these the essential oils currently being produced in India are oil of citronella , lemongrass , basil , mint , sandalwood , palmarosa , eucalyptus , cedar wood , vetiver and geranium Rose oil , lavender , davana oil , oil of khus and ginger grass are produced in small quantities . During last forty year the importance of developing essential oil bearing plants is being increasingly realized. With the introduction of Japanese mint and subsequent improvement there upon, India produces 5000 tones of menthol values Rs 100 crores and is one of the leading Menthol produced in India before 1960. Presently the areas under mint cultivation are estimated to the around 40000 hectares mainly in U.P., Punjab, Haryana and to some extent in Bihar and M.P. The expert of essential oils during the year 1991-92 ha been 53.6 crores as against to 40 crores during the year 1990-91 thereby registering an increases of 37 % over the last year. An amount of Rs 61 crores have been saved foreign exchange annually by means of production of certain oils of mint , aromatic grass , linalool , geranium , lavender and rose oil during 91-92. With the increase in production of above essential oil, it would be possible for the country to save more valuable foreign exchange in the coming years. 2 The magic items of expert are ginger oil., sandal wood oil , lemon grass oil , jasmine oil , tuberose concrete ad other essential oils . During the year 1991-92 export of sandalwood oil has registered a recorded figure of Rs 13 crores compound to Rs 6.2 crores during 1990-91. The major buyers of Indian essential oil being USSR , USA , France , UK , Netherlands, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Spain ,Morocco, Germany, Australia, Pakistan, Korea, Taiwan etc. Similarly, citronella oil production has reached 500 tons when it was totally imported 55 years ago. Also jasmine and tuberose concentrate from south India have created a marks in world marked. Thus an interesting scenario in the development of natural essential oil in India has enraged.2World ScenarioIndia ranks 26th in import & 14 in respect of export in world in the trade of essential oil. USA, France, Germany are the top three countries in the world in the trade of essential oil. India hold around .7% of import & 1.1% of export .The values of export from India during 1991-92 to 4 major countries like USA, France ,Germany has been to the tune Of rupees 21.2 core with major share going to USA (rupees 8.2 crore) &France (Rs 7.39 crore) The world trade in essential oil & its product is vast and the oil of major importance are aniseed, citronella, clove, geranium, lemon grass, peppermint oil, patchouli, sandalwood and vetiver, sand wood ,mint oil, lemongrass, palmorosa occupies prominent position in the world market.Future demandApproximately 90 % of the present requirement of essential oil in the country is met by the indigenous production and 10 % from import. In 1950 the production was hardly 75 80 tones, which has since resin to 8000 tones. This has been both vertical and horizontal growth in the production of essential oil. Peppermint and spearmint and other mint oil constitute 68% of total volume of production of essential oil in the country. Other important varieties which constitute of 28% of the total production are: basil oil, citronella oil, eucalypts oil, lemongrass, palmorosa, and sandalwood & vitever oil. The annual growth rate of pharmaceutical industry in terms of vol. & value is expected to be between 11-13 % in the next 5 years. The other important sector showing rapid expansion is the processed food industry particularly ice cream and confectionery items. Fragrance finds use in toiletries and personal care products. Volume wise toiletries constitute 90 % of all these products. The annual production of toiletries has been estimated by Toilet Makers Association from 3.5 lakhs tones In 1991 to 4.8 lakh tones in 1995 ., at an annual growth rate of 8 % . The requirement of essential oils by consumer industries under fragrances, flavour and aroma chemicals are 60 % 20% and 20% respectively. 2 The home demand for essential oils during the next five year, is given below keeping the base year 1991-92 =100 and consumption at 8100 tones. 2YearDemand1993-941994-951995-961996-971997-9810.11112.113.314.5The association of essential oils manufactures estimated growth in export value from Rs 50 corers in 1991-92 to Rs 125 corers in 1995-96. India ranks 14 th in world export trade, share being an average 0.6 -0.8 % of the total. These are an ample room for penetration into the foreign market especially to the newly developing countries of the middle and for east. Certain Indian varieties namely Sandalwood, lemongrass, palmarosa , davana , jasmine and all mint oils are becoming popular in these countries though there is a competition from other developing countries (namely China and Indonesia 0 and the synthetics oils that are manufactures in the European countries are much cheaper than the natural oils . India is the world leader in production of mint oils .2Taking 191-92 as the base year = 100 and the average export of 793 tones, the estimated demand of essential oil for export and the total demand (domestic and export ) during 5 year are as under 2YearDemand for export(000 tones )Total demands(000 tones )93-9494-9595-9696-9797-981.21.622.63.411.312.414.115.917.9The total west European market for flavor and fragrance is estimated to the 100000 tones in 1991 with flavor industry accounting for 40% & fragrance industry accounting for 60%. It's therefore presented that total consumption will touch 1, 15000 tones in 1996 at an annual growth of 3 % while the sale of flavors and fragrances in USA will reach US $ billion in 1995 with the annual growth rate of 7 %. The sale of essential oils are expected to reach US $ 435 millions in 1995 2Indian expert earning from some selects essential oils during 1989-90ItemsQuantity (tones )Values ( Rs )SandalwoodLemongrassJasmine / tuberose concentratePeppermintEucalyptusDavanaPalmoroseCedarwoodCardamonClove oil15185-7317.502760.2950.677--57.1053.5024.4022.302.401.900.090.094.4110426Foreign exchange saved from some essential oil during 1991-92ItemsQuantity (tones)Values ( Rs )Bergamot mintCitrenella oil javaCeranium oilJapanese mint oilLinalol oilPeppermint oilRose oilSpearmint2060030250050400.018030800300450012010010240Export of major essential oil from IndiaMentha aruensis and mint oil , Cedar wood oil , Clove oil, Eucalyptus oil, Tuberose concentrate , Palmarosa oil, Patchouli oil, Sandalwood oil, Lemongrass oil, Davana oil, Coriander oil, Dill oil, Spearmint oil, Rose oil, Mentha piperta , Jasmine concentrate, Jasmine oil Import of major essential oilCitranella oil, Geranium oil, Jasmine oil, Mentha aruensis , Mentha piperata , Vetiver oil, Cedarwood oil, Clove oil, Eucalyptus oil, Palmarosa oil, Patchouli oil, Sandalwood oil Lemon grass oil, Davana oil, Anise oil, Caraway oil, Coriander oil, Spearmint oil, Lavender oilReference:1. Kokate C.K. , Pharamacognosy Nirali Prakashan 2. Handa S.S. and Kaul M.K. , Supplement to cultivation and utilization of aromatic plants , Regional Research lab council for Scientific and industrial Research3. Trease and Evans , Pharamcognosy Saunders4. Handa S.S. and Kaul M.K. , Supplement to cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants , Reginal Research lab Jammu Tawi5. www.Herbaldata.com6. www.Wikipedia.com7. Varsheny S.C. Export of essential oil from India. Ind

Evolution of The field of Finance?

Today's Finance is still in its infancy as a science. The domain of what we know pales in comparison to what we actually know we don't know. For example, we know that our understanding of the basic mechanisms of asset valuation (stocks, real estate, gold) is limited, confused and non-operationalfor the most part. Who can tell and predict the value of stocks today? Investors are offered conflicting views (rational vs. irrational), quick recipes, and voodoo advice. The "pseudo" scientific mathematical models that are offered today, far from resolving real-world problems do revel in their own complexity in exchange for minor incremental learning. Below, I am addressing several outstanding issues in Finance. Let me give you a few examples of major unresolved issues:· The CAPM dead or alive? Over the last few decades one of the most prominent model of Finance called the CAPM has been under attack, not because its logical foundations are wrong or limited, but rather since it does not explain returns, the way it was intended to: higher contribution to systematic risk leads to higher returns. Noteworthy, is the French-Fama (1992) paper showing that price to book is a better predictor of stock returns than beta. Now, we can accept that an essentially static model created about 40 years ago can fall short of explaining reality. Maybe the reason is that we are not capturing expected returns properly. Recently, there have been new attempts to validate the model (for example showing that a form of inflation illusionhas an effect on the Beta-expected return relationship (Cohen, Polk and Vuolteenaho (2004)), or that the French-Fama result can be explained by incorporating leverage as a factor, thus rendering the beta effective again (Ferguson and Shockley (2003)). These results may be incrementally informative but it is important to know if the stream of new insights about CAPM is fundamental enough to repair the model.· Beta only a measure of risk? Beta measures the contribution of a single stock to market volatility. One of the confusing piece of language about it is that it is supposed to represent risk. However, in some instances it may rather represent growth. For example, since the stock market moves upward in the long-run, and market returns are positively serially correlated (low frequency data), then a high beta stock may in fact capture a boost to the average market return due to faster than normal growth (in earnings). The extra premium is not for risk but for growth. Here are some new views about redefining the standard CAPM model in terms of beta linked to downside risk (Kaplansky (2004) or Post and Van Vliet (2004)).· What about those macro-finance models? Since the static model has not done so well, what about the dynamic models? These have not fared better since the middle of the 1970's (essentially since the works of Merton (1973) and Lucas (1978). Both are Nobel laureates in Economics).· Valuation of stocks, anyone? The standard dividend discount model taught in our schools (and many variations on it) has not borne its fruits. Stock prices MUST be based on the present value of expected future cash flows accruing to investors (Warren Buffett concurs). The questions are: 1) Are these cash flows adequately represented by forecast dividends or proxies? 2) How do we account for expected price appreciation independently of future dividend proxies? 3) How can we narrow the choices for the right discount rate(s) and other inputs to apply to these models? Still, it appears that demand often forces prices to temporarily diverge from a present value calculation due possibly to "irrational exuberance", then 4) How fast does the reversion mechanism to fair value operate (if any)?· Is the stock market rational or irrational? This is a very confusing issue since the latest conventional wisdom is that the stock market is mostly irrational (Shiller 2001). In fact, it is probably a mixture: an undercurrent of fundamental value plus superimposed short-term deviations due to irrational behavior and/or news. Let us be careful though, one reason why markets are seen as irrational is that Finance has been unable to provide a logical/mathematical foundation to valuation since the current models have fallen short. Thus, our definition of "rational" is contained within the rationality of the models we have so far developed. The core guiding principle of investors' decisions may very well be founded on economic laws (systematic and reproducible) left to be discovered…· What are we (investors) to do? If markets are irrational what is there to learn about investing in stocks? Are we investors supposed to throw in the towel when there is no solid ground on which to make a stock investing decision? Maybe some investors can capitalize on the irrationality of other investors? (Contrarian trading: Am I irrational or is she?). On the other hand, you'll say there is always the motto of Value Investing: buy companies for which you understand the business model, scrutinize the financial statements, do they have a good cash position, low PEG, etc… There is no argument that these factors can contribute to good stock selection. More to the point though: an entire industry has sprung-up not necessarily caring about how stocks are truly valued. Yes, I'm talking about the mutual fund industry. How so? The industry creates portfolios with particular flavors: Growth oriented, Large caps, Small caps, Blends etc... The game in town is product differentiation and finding a market niche. A marketinggame! Since no one truly understands the pricing of stocks, mutual fund managers attract investors by promising to replicate 'good' past records, or to generate great returns based on the fund's investment style (an oxymoron). Since portfolios are turned over to dump losers and buy winners (often late), these outfits are not in the business of fully understanding stock valuation but rather in the business of maintaining or growing their fund participation by minimizing quarterly losses and riding the growth endemic to a capitalistic economy.· The (in)famous Equity Premium puzzle. The Equity Premium (EP) is the difference between the stock market return and a Treasury yield (also referred to as risk free rate). Now, if there were an equivalent to the speed of light in E = MC2, as applied to the valuation of most assets, this would be the EP. However, the EP is typically not constant over time. It is what economists call counter-cyclical: it rises during recessions and lowers during booms. Now, since stocks are riskier than bonds in the short-term, following the CAPM logic they should pay a higher return. Thus, the EP should be explained by risk avoidance. However, the current macro-economic and finance models are unable to confirm this intuition, since (not to bore you too much) the size of actual equity premium does not reconcile with what the models need to assume for the level of risk aversion in the economy. Recently, Bansal and Yaron (1994) have had some success in reconciling our economic models with the ctual size of the premium. However, their solution is a bit strange: in order for their result to hold investors have to be worried about minute variations in long-term GDP growth, by an order of few basis points (1% of 1%)!· Stock returns that compound faster than economic growth? No kidding! Current theories accept that compound equity returns have been around 11% nominal in the long-run. This far outpaces the nominal GDP growth of the US economy about 6.5%. Imagine a savings account paying 11% when the bank's profits only grow at 6.5%… Why are current theories endorsing this result? Well, the key to this gap is that the equity compounded return calculation assumes that dividends are fully reinvested period after period. A single investor may be able to do this for a while as he/she can increase their market share, but since aggregate stock wealth cannot grow faster than GDP in the long-run, all investors at large cannot do that. The pricing of stocks must incorporate a relationship to feasible wealth compounding. Right now, the current theories do not link returns to GDP growth in a convincing manner.· Loving or fighting the Fed model. The Fed model (Orphanides and al. (1997)) is highly controversial. Many practitioners love it (see Dr. Yardeni's page); academic pundits hate it (Asness (2003)). The Fed model is the result of a discovery that the SP 500 forward earnings yield is highly correlated with the 10- year Treasury yield, since the 1970s. This is the best working model we have for the SP 500. Academics believe the model is logically flawed, based on thinking that the earnings yield is a real rate of return. Yes sure, how can you compare a real rate to a nominal yield? Since the Fed model is flawed, the observed correlation must be a fluke and since reality violates our current accepted theories, then reality must be wrong! (This is an actual quotation!) Well, try to tell that to practitioners! We must attempt to better understand why the Fed model works.We need to view ourselves much more like engineers or physicians, in our capacity as social scientists. We are living in exciting times, the science is young, the questions are still open, novel thinking and scientific breakthroughs await us.Dr. Christophe Faugere is an Associate Professor of Finance at University at Albany School of Business Chair of the Finance Department. His research attempts at solving some of the challenging issues presented above. Please visit his website at wwww.albany.edu/~faugere.

If Pepsi is trying to engage in monopolistic competition why do they keep introducing new flavors of Pepsi and Mountain Dew?

Add your answer:

Define industrial origin approach?

What is meant by global localization?

What type of government controls all aspect of the economy?

Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy?

Evolution of The field of Finance?

When Mountain Dew flavors come out?

Ice cream flavors starts with j?

What soft drinks flavors include code red and livewire?

What are the best selling flavors of powerade?

What brand of rootbeer does Taco Bell have?

Does Mountain Dew have any grapefruit juice or grapefruit related ingredients in it that could cause a problem for people taking cholesteral medication?

Is it better to use artificial or natural flavors?

How many flavors are there?

How many Vitamin Water flavors are there?

How many flavors of Lifsavers are there?

How many different flavors of wine coolers are there?

When will the new Mountain Dew flavors be out?

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