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Explain the relationship between marginal cost marginal revenue and profit?
Given that P=R-C where P is profit, R revenue and C cost, it follows that marginal profit dP/dQ = dR/dQ-dC/dQ where P,R and C are all functions of the output Q. Maximizing profit means setting dP/dQ = 0. Then dR/dQ = dC/dq where dR/dQ and dC/dq are marginal revenue and marginal cost respectively.
What is the Value of marginal product of labor?
Marginal product of labour is no of quantity u can get by increasing labour by one quantity i.e in simple term suppose u have N labour initially and they r manufacturing P product and then u r hiring one more labour for your work keeping all other factore constant so now your production is P' so P'-P is called marginal product of labour and if u r multiplying it with price of one product u will get value of marginal product of labor.
Profit maximization theory?
the fact that total profit reaches its maximum point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.Contents[show] 1 Basic definitions2 Total revenue - total cost perspective3 Marginal revenue-marginal cost perspective4 Case in which maximizing revenue is equivalent5 Changes in total costs and profit maximization6 Markup pricing7 Marginal product of labor, marginal revenue product of labor, and profit maximization8 See also9 Notes10 References11 External linksBasic definitionsAny costs incurred by a firm may be classed into two groups: fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs, which occur only in the short run, are incurred by the business at any level of output, including zero output. These may include equipment maintenance, rent, wages of employees whose numbers cannot be increased or decreased in the short run, and general upkeep. Variable costs change with the level of output, increasing as more product is generated. Materials consumed during production often have the largest impact on this category, which also includes the wages of employees who can be hired and laid off in the span of time (long run or short run) under consideration. Fixed cost and variable cost, combined, equal total cost. Revenue is the amount of money that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services (as opposed to monies from security sales such as equity shares or debt issuances).Marginal cost and revenue, depending on whether the calculus approach is taken or not, are defined as either the change in cost or revenue as each additional unit is produced, or the derivative of cost or revenue with respect to the quantity of output. For instance, taking the first definition, if it costs a firm 400 USD to produce 5 units and 480 USD to produce 6, the marginal cost of the sixth unit is 80 dollars.Total revenue - total cost perspectiveProfit Maximization - The Totals Approach To obtain the profit maximising output quantity, we start by recognizing that profit is equal to total revenue (TR) minus total cost (TC). Given a table of costs and revenues at each quantity, we can either compute equations or plot the data directly on a graph. The profit-maximizing output is the one at which this difference reaches its maximum. In the accompanying diagram, the linear total revenue curve represents the case in which the firm is a perfect competitor in the goods market, and thus cannot set its own selling price. The profit-maximizing output level is represented as the one at which total revenue is the height of C and total cost is the height of B; the maximal profit is measured as CB. This output level is also the one at which the total profit curve is at its maximum.If, contrary to what is assumed in the graph, the firm is not a perfect competitor in the output market, the price to sell the product at can be read off the demand curve at the firm's optimal quantity of output.Marginal revenue-marginal cost perspectiveProfit maximization using the marginal approach An alternative perspective relies on the relationship that, for each unit sold, marginal profit (Mπ) equals marginal revenue (MR) minus marginal cost (MC). Then, if marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost at some level of output, marginal profit is positive and thus a greater quantity should be produced, and if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost, marginal profit is negative and a lesser quantity should be produced. At the output level at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, marginal profit is zero and this quantity is the one that maximizes profit.[1] Since total profit increases when marginal profit is positive and total profit decreases when marginal profit is negative, it must reach a maximum where marginal profit is zero - or where marginal cost equals marginal revenue - and where lower or higher output levels give lower profit levels.[1] In calculus terms, the correct intersection of MC and MR will occur when:[1]The intersection of MR and MC is shown in the next diagram as point A. If the industry is perfectly competitive (as is assumed in the diagram), the firm faces a demand curve (D) that is identical to its marginal revenue curve (MR), and this is a horizontal line at a price determined by industry supply and demand. Average total costs are represented by curve ATC. Total economic profit are represented by the area of the rectangle PABC. The optimum quantity (Q) is the same as the optimum quantity in the first diagram.If the firm is operating in a non-competitive market, changes would have to be made to the diagrams. For example, the marginal revenue curve would have a negative gradient, due to the overall market demand curve. In a non-competitive environment, more complicated profit maximization solutions involve the use of game theory.Case in which maximizing revenue is equivalentIn some cases a firm's demand and cost conditions are such that marginal profits are greater than zero for all levels of production up to a certain maximum.[2] In this case marginal profit plunges to zero immediately after that maximum is reached; hence the Mπ = 0 rule implies that output should be produced at the maximum level, which also happens to be the level that maximizes revenue.[2] In other words the profit maximizing quantity and price can be determined by setting marginal revenue equal to zero, which occurs at the maximal level of output. Marginal revenue equals zero when the total revenue curve has reached its maximum value. An example would be a scheduled airline flight. The marginal costs of flying one more passenger on the flight are negligible until all the seats are filled. The airline would maximize profit by filling all the seats. The airline would determine the conditions by maximizing revenues. Changes in total costs and profit maximizationA firm maximizes profit by operating where marginal revenue equal marginal costs. A change in fixed costs has no effect on the profit maximizing output or price.[3] The firm merely treats short term fixed costs as sunk costs and continues to operate as before.[4] This can be confirmed graphically. Using the diagram illustrating the total cost-total revenue perspective, the firm maximizes profit at the point where the slopes of the total cost line and total revenue line are equal.[2] An increase in fixed cost would cause the total cost curve to shift up by the amount of the change.[2] There would be no effect on the total revenue curve or the shape of the total cost curve. Consequently, the profit maximizing point would remain the same. This point can also be illustrated using the diagram for the marginal revenue-marginal cost perspective. A change in fixed cost would have no effect on the position or shape of these curves.[2] Markup pricingIn addition to using methods to determine a firm's optimal level of output, a firm that is not perfectly competitive can equivalently set price to maximize profit (since setting price along a given demand curve involves picking a preferred point on that curve, which is equivalent to picking a preferred quantity to produce and sell). The profit maximization conditions can be expressed in a "more easily applicable" form or rule of thumb than the above perspectives use.[5] The first step is to rewrite the expression for marginal revenue as MR = ∆TR/∆Q =(P∆Q+Q∆P)/∆Q=P+Q∆P/∆Q, where P and Q refer to the midpoints between the old and new values of price and quantity respectively.[5] The marginal revenue from an "incremental unit of quantity" has two parts: first, the revenue the firm gains from selling the additional units or P∆Q. The additional units are called the marginal units.[6] Producing one extra unit and selling it at price P brings in revenue of P. Moreover, one must consider "the revenue the firm loses on the units it could have sold at the higher price"[6]-that is, if the price of all units had not been pulled down by the effort to sell more units. These units that have lost revenue are called the infra-marginal units.[6] That is, selling the extra unit results in a small drop in price which reduces the revenue for all units sold by the amount Q(∆P/∆Q). Thus MR = P + Q(∆P/∆Q) = P +P (Q/P)((∆P/∆Q) = P + P/(PED), where PED is the price elasticity of demand characterizing the demand curve of the firms' customers, which is negative. Then setting MC = MR gives MC = P + P/PED so (P - MC)/P = - 1/PED and P = MC/[1 + (1/PED)]. Thus the optimal markup rule is:(P - MC)/P = 1/ (- PED)orP = [PED/(1 + PED)]×MC.[7][8] In words, the rule is that the size of the markup is inversely related to the price elasticity of demand for the good.[7]The optimal markup rule also implies that a non-competitive firm will produce on the elastic region of its market demand curve. Marginal cost is positive. The term PED/(1+PED) would be positive so P>0 only if PED is between -1 and -∝ -that is, if demand is elastic at that level of output.[9] The intuition behind this result is that, if demand is inelastic at some value Q1 then a decrease in Q would increase P more than proportionately, thereby increasing revenue PQ; since lower Q would also lead to lower total cost, profit would go up due to the combination of increased revenue and decreased cost. Thus Q1 does not give the highest possible profit.Marginal product of labor, marginal revenue product of labor, and profit maximizationThe general rule is that firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. The profit maximization issue can also be approached from the input side. That is, what is the profit maximizing usage of the variable input? [10] To maximize profit the firm should increase usage of the input "up to the point where the input's marginal revenue product equals its marginal costs".[11] So mathematically the profit maximizing rule is MRPL = MCL, where the subscript L refers to the commonly assumed variable input, labor. The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input. That is MRPL = ∆TR/∆L. MRPL is the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor or MRPL = MR x MPL.
Why is price per unit equal to the average revenue and marginal revenue of a firm under perfect competition?
Under Perfect competition , Marginal revenue is constant and equal to the prevailing market price, since all units are sold at the same price. Thus in pure competition MR = AR = P.
How does monopolists maximize profits?
A monopolist maximizes profits by choosing an output such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This is in contrast to a perfect competition where firms maximizes profits at price equal to marginal cost. Mathematically, the monopolist profit can be calculated as such: π = pq-cq, where π is the profits, p is the price, c is the marginal cost and q is the quantity The price reflects the inverse demand function; p=a-bq, where a is a constant and b is the slope (e.g. p=100-2q) If we insert this expression into the profit function it can be written as follows: π = (a-bq)q-cq Taking first order conditions (The derivative of π with respect to q) and put the condition equal to zero (Finding the stationary point (maximum) for the function): dπ/dq= 0 --> -bq+a-bq-c=0 Rewriting the expression: a-2bq=c, where a-2bq is the marginal revenue, and c is the marginal cost Solving this expression with respect to q: q=(a-c)/2b This is the optimal output of the monopolist, to find the price we insert this expression inte to expression for p we had earlier: p=a-b(a-c)/2b Rewritten: p=(a+c)/2 This is the optimal price of the monopolist. To find the profit we now insert the expression for optimal output and optimal price into the profit expression: π = (a-bq)q-cq --> π = ((a+c)/2-c)(a-c)/2b Simplifying and rewriting the expression we get: π = (a-c)^2/4b This might look a bit challenging if you are not used to working with algebra on general form, however, if you insert your specific numbers in the beginning it is quite straight forward.
What are 10 letters words without repeating letters starting with p?
ParticularProclaimed
What occupations has 10 letters and starts with p?
podiatrist
What is a10 letter word with the letters p ectile?
Projectile is a 10 letter word. It begins with the letter p and ends with the letters ectile.
In how many ways can the letters of the word permutations be arranged if there are always 4 letters between p and s?
Here P and S are fixed, so 10 letters are left, out of which 2 are T'sSo, 10 letters out of which 2 are T's can be arranged in 10!/2! = 1814400 waysNow letters P and S can be arranged so that there are 4 letters between them, which can be done in 2*7 = 14 waysRequired no. of ways = 1814400 * 14 = 25401600
What are some 10 letters words containing p a y?
Prostitute.
How do you do level 10 on 40x escape?
Click the letters P-E-A-C-E in the letters over the door.
What is a10 letter word beginning with p for marginal?
peripheral
How do you beat level 10 on 40x escape?
Click the letters P-E-A-C-E in the letters over the door.
What starts with the letter 'p' ends with 'e' and has millions of letters in it?
The answer is "Post Office". The word"Post" starts with "P", the word "Office" ends with "E". There are 10 letters in the word, but there are millions of letters in the place, Post Office.
Explain the relationship between marginal cost marginal revenue and profit?
Given that P=R-C where P is profit, R revenue and C cost, it follows that marginal profit dP/dQ = dR/dQ-dC/dQ where P,R and C are all functions of the output Q. Maximizing profit means setting dP/dQ = 0. Then dR/dQ = dC/dq where dR/dQ and dC/dq are marginal revenue and marginal cost respectively.
What is the Value of marginal product of labor?
Marginal product of labour is no of quantity u can get by increasing labour by one quantity i.e in simple term suppose u have N labour initially and they r manufacturing P product and then u r hiring one more labour for your work keeping all other factore constant so now your production is P' so P'-P is called marginal product of labour and if u r multiplying it with price of one product u will get value of marginal product of labor.
Names that have the letters p and b?
Pablo is a boy's name that contains the letters p and b. Phoebe is a girl's name that contains the letters p and b.
