What are the basic problems existing at nanoscale?

Answer 1

At the nanoscale, several fundamental problems arise, including the difficulty in controlling and manipulating materials due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio, which can lead to increased reactivity and instability. Additionally, quantum effects become significant, complicating the predictability of material behavior. Fabrication and characterization techniques also face challenges, as traditional methods may not be effective at such small scales. Lastly, scaling up nanoscale processes to macroscopic applications often presents economic and technical hurdles.