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Tunney Industires can issue perpetual preferred stock at a price of 47.50 per share The stock would pay a constant annual dividend of 3.80 a share What is the company's cost of preferred stock?
.80
What are the 3 major theory of dividend policy?
Residual Theory of dividend policyThe essence of the residual theory of dividend policy is that the firm will only pay dividends from residual earnings, that is, from earnings left over after all suitable (positive NPV) investment opportunities have been financed. Retained earnings are the most important source for financing for most companies. A residual approach to the dividend policy, as the first claim on retained earnings will be the financing of the investment projects. With the residual dividend policy, the primary focus of the firm's management is indeed on investment, not dividends. Dividend policy becomes irrelevant, it is treated as a passive rather than an active, decision variables. The view of management in this case is that the value of firm and the wealth of its shareholders will be maximized by investing the earnings in the appropriate investment projects, rather than paying them out as dividends to shareholders. Thus managers will actively seek out, and invest the firm's earnings in, all acceptable (in terms of risk and return) investment projects, which are expected to increase the value of the firm. Dividends will only be paid when retained earnings exceed the funds required to finance the suitable investment projects. Conversely when the total investment funds required exceed retained earnings, no dividend will be paid.Motive for a residual policyThe motives for a residual policy, or high retentions, dividend policy commonly include:A high retention policy reduces the need to raise fresh capital, (debt or equity), thus saving on associated issues and floatation costs.A fresh equity issue may dilute existing ownership control. This may be avoided, if retentions are consistently high.A high retention policy may enable a company to finance a more rapid and higher rate of growth.When the effective rate of tax on dividend income is higher than the tax on capital gains, some shareholders, because of their personal tax positions, may prefer a high retention/low payout policyDividend Irrelevancy TheoryDividend irrelevancy theory asserts that a firm's dividend policy has no effect on its market value or its cost of capital. The theory of dividend irrelevancy was perhaps most elegantly argued by its chief proponents, Modigliani and Miller (usually referred to as M&M) in their seminar paper in 1961. They argued that dividend policy is a "passive residual" which is determined by a firm's need for investment funds.According to M&M's irrelevancy theory, if therefore does not matter how a firm divides its earnings between dividend payments to shareholders and internal retentions. In the M&M view the dividend decision is one over which managers need not agonies, trying to find the optimal dividend policy, because an optimal dividend policy does not exist. M&M built their dividend irrelevancy theory on a range of key assumptions, similar to those on which they based their theory of capital structure irrelevancy. For example they assumed:Perfect Capital markets, that is there are no taxes, (corporate or personal), no transaction costs on securities, investors are rational, information is symmetrical - all investors have access to the same information and share the same expectations about the firm's future as its managers.The firm's investment policy is fixed and is independent of its dividend policy.The Bird-In-The-Hand TheoryThe essence of the bird-in-the-hand theory of dividend policy (advanced by John Litner in 1962 and Myron Gordon in 1963) is that shareholders are risk-averse and prefer to receive dividend payments rather than future capital gains. Shareholders consider dividend payments to be more certain that future capital gains - thus a "bird in the hand is worth more than two in the bush".Gorden contended that the payment of current dividends "resolves investor uncertainty". Investors have a preference for a certain level of income now rather that the prospect of a higher, but less certain, income at some time in the future.The key implication, as argued by Litner and Gordon, is that because of the less risky nature dividends, shareholders and investors will discount the firm's dividend stream at a lower rate of return, "r", thus increasing the value of the firm's shares.According to the constant growth dividend valuation (or Gordon's growth) model, the value of an ordinary share, SV0 is given by:SV0 = D1/(r-g)Where the constant dividend growth rate is denoted by g, r is the investor's required rate of return, and D1, represents the next dividend payments. Thus the lower r is in relation to the value of the dividend payment D1, the greater the share's value. In the investor's view, according to Linter and Gordon, r, the return from the dividend, is less risky than the future growth rate g.M&M argued against this and referred to it as the bird-in-the-hand fallacy. In their irrelevancy model, M&M assume that the required rate of return or cost or capital, r, is independent of dividend policy. They maintain that a firm's risk (which influences the investor's required rate of return, r) is a function of its investment and financing decisions, not its dividend policy.M&M contend that investors are indifferent between dividends and capital gains - that is, they are indifferent between r and g is the dividend valuation model. The reason for this indifference, according to M&M, is that shareholders simply reinvest their dividends in share of the same or similar risk companies.Dividend Signaling TheoryIn practice, change in a firm's dividend policy can be observed to have an effect on its share price - an increase in dividend producing an increasing in share price and a reduction in dividends producing a decrease in share price. This pattern led many observers to conclude, contrary to M&M's model, that shareholders do indeed prefer dividends to future capital gains. Needless to say M&M disagreed.The change in dividend payment is to be interpreted as a signal to shareholders and investors about the future earnings prospects of the firm. Generally a rise in dividend payment is viewed as a positive signal, conveying positive information about a firm's future earning prospects resulting in an increase in share price. Conversely a reduction in dividend payment is viewed as negative signal about future earnings prospects, resulting in a decrease in share price.DIVIDEND AS A RESIDUALThere is school of thought which regards dividends as a residual payment. They believe that the dividend pay-out is a function of its financing decision. The investment opportunities should be financed by retained earnings. Thus internal accrual forms the first line of financing growth and investment. If any surplus balance is left after meeting the financing needs, such amount may be distributed to the shareholders in the form of dividends. Thus, dividend policy is in the nature of passive residual. In case the firm has no investment opportunities during a particular time period, the dividend pay-out should be 100%.A firm may smooth out the fluctuations in the payment of dividends over a period of time. The firm can establish dividend payments at a level at which the cumulative distribution over a period of time corresponds to cumulative residual funds over the same period. This policy smoothens out the fluctuations of dividend pay-out due to fluctuations in investment opportunities.
The blank percent is found by dividing the annual per share dividend by the closing price per share?
By dividing the annual per share dividend by the closing price per share, the figure found is the P/E ratio. P/E ratio stands for price to earnings ratio, and the figure shows how much per share investors earn.
What best describes best described a dividend?
A share of a company's profit paid to each stockholder
What happens to the price of a bond when a coupon is announced and to the price of a stock when dividend is announced.Why and how.Please provide suitable examples?
Generally, the price of a stock will rise around the same amount as the announced dividend. This may happen within a trading day or over a few days, because buyers are guaranteed a known return on their investment (the dividend). There is an element of risk involved in buying a share simply because it is about to go ex-dividend. A share's price will usually drop by the amount of the dividend very quickly after the ex-dividend date because new buyers won't be eligible for the dividend. Therefore, you could be holding a share that is worth less than what you paid for it and you will have to hold onto it for a while. But if the company's financials are solid, it is not unusual for the price to actually continue to rise. It depends a great deal on where the dividends are coming from, genuine profit or borrowings.
What are the different types of dividend policies?
Types of Dividend Policy:a. Stable Dividend Policyb. Fluctuating Dividend Policyc. Small Constant Dividend per Share plus Extra Dividend.Forms of Dividend· Cash DividendCash dividends(most common) are those paid out in the form of a cheque. Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid.This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company. For each share owned, a declared amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a person owns 100 shares and the cash dividend is $0.50 per share, the person will be issued a cheque for 50 dollars.· Stock DividendStock or scrip dividends are those paid out in form of additional stockshares of the issuing corporation, or other corporation (such as itssubsidiary corporation).They are usually issued in proportion to sharesowned (for example, for every 100 shares of stock owned, 5% stockdividend will yield 5 extra shares). If this payment involves the issue ofnew shares, this is very similar to a stock split in that it increases the totalnumber of shares while lowering the price of each share and does notchange the market capitalization or the total value of the shares held.
Details about dividend policy?
A dividend is nothing but a periodic sharing of profit by the company with its share holders. The dividend is usually declared as a % of the face value of the share. A 100% dividend on a share with a face value of 1$ means you would get $1 for every share of that company you hold.
What is a synonym for a dividend?
bonus, share, cut, gain, extra, plus, portion, divvy
What is the synonym for dividend?
bonus, share, cut, gain, extra, plus, portion, divvy
What is synonyms for dividend?
bonus, share, cut, gain, extra, plus, portion, divvy
What is financial signaling in respect of dividend policy?
it suggest that dividend has an impact on share price because they communicate information, signals about the firms profitability.
What is a life insurance policy dividend?
It's a payment made to the policy owner by the mutual insurance company when there is a profit. The policyholders are the owners of a mutual life insurance company and they share in the profits by receiving dividend payments from the insurance company.
An ordinary share has a current price of 82.50 and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 10 percent If you require a 14 percent rate of return what is the current dividend on this share?
4%
How much dividend (1.35) will i get for one share of SPY (210)?
You will get 155.55 dividend from (1.35) per dividend for one share of SPY (210).
What is dividend on share?
increase value of share
What is zero dividend policy and what it show about the company?
Zero dividend policy refferes to the policy of share holders being sucked off hard by the director and agreeing not to pay dividends. This is then followed by an entry through the "back door" as they say, with some anal bleeding. Some may say this is the best dividend policy as all parties benefit in some sort of way, whether it be in the mouth or through the tight little whole.
A coorporation has outstanding 1000 share of 8 prefrred share if 100 for 3 yearcalculate briefly prefrred dividend before dividend declared?
If a corporation has outstanding 1000 share of 8 preferred share and 100 for 3 years, the preferred dividend before dividend declaration is 50.
