Y=C+I
C=C°+bY
I=I°
Y=C°+bY+I°
Y-bY=C°+I°
Y(1-b)=C°+I°
Y=(C°+I°)/(1-b)
Y+ΔY = (C°+I°+ΔI;ΔC)/(1-b)
Y+ΔY = (C°+I°)/(1-b) + ΔI;ΔC/(1-b) = Y + ΔI;ΔC/(1-b)
ΔY=ΔI;ΔC/(1-b)
ΔY/ΔI;ΔC=1/(1-b)
ΔY/ΔI=1/(1-b)
ΔY/ΔC=1/(1-b)
exogenous and constant
Keynesian model is able to show how leakages and injections can influence the economy. AD-AS model is able to show changes in prices (inflation).
The four sectors in Keynesian macroeconomic model are business, household, foreign sector and government. The Keynesian macroeconomics focuses on a broad scale where the above mentioned sectors play an important role.
The major difference between the classical model and the Keynesian model is their approach to government intervention in the economy. The classical model believes in a hands-off approach, where the economy will naturally correct itself, while the Keynesian model advocates for government intervention to stimulate economic growth and stabilize fluctuations.
Government expenditure.
exogenous and constant
Keynesian model is able to show how leakages and injections can influence the economy. AD-AS model is able to show changes in prices (inflation).
The four sectors in Keynesian macroeconomic model are business, household, foreign sector and government. The Keynesian macroeconomics focuses on a broad scale where the above mentioned sectors play an important role.
The major difference between the classical model and the Keynesian model is their approach to government intervention in the economy. The classical model believes in a hands-off approach, where the economy will naturally correct itself, while the Keynesian model advocates for government intervention to stimulate economic growth and stabilize fluctuations.
In a Keynesian economic model, the multiplier (denoted by γ) is equal to 1/(1 - marginal propensity to consume) or 1/(1 - α), where α is the marginal propensity to consume. When α=0.67 in the consumption function (C = 1/(1 - α)), the multiplier would be 3 (1/(1-0.67) = 3).
Government expenditure.
The simple money multiplier often overstates the actual money multiplier because it assumes that all banks hold no excess reserves and that all deposits are fully lent out. In reality, banks typically maintain a reserve cushion and may keep a portion of deposits as excess reserves to manage liquidity risk. Additionally, factors such as currency leakage, where individuals hold cash instead of depositing it, further reduce the effective money multiplier. These aspects mean that the actual money creation process is more complex and less efficient than the simple model suggests.
Income and taxes
The Maxwell model derivation is performed by combining the spring and dashpot elements in series to represent the viscoelastic behavior of a material. The model is derived by analyzing the stress and strain relationships in the system and applying the principles of linear viscoelasticity.
Speed up
Yes, as no singularity can be observed, mathematical formulation is the only way to model it.
To determine the expenditure multiplier in an economic model, you can use the formula: Expenditure Multiplier 1 / (1 - Marginal Propensity to Consume). The Marginal Propensity to Consume is the proportion of additional income that a person or household spends rather than saves. By calculating this ratio, you can understand how changes in spending affect overall economic activity.