http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_swap
By Irfan Ullah (MS MAJU Islamabad)Difference between swap and future market:NoFuture contractSwap1Traded at exchangeNot2No counterpartyHaving counter party3Clearing house existNo4No riskRisk of the counter party exist5Marked to marketRarely marked to market6Mostly long term contractMostly short term7RegulatedUnregulated
Companies use hedging in international trade to manage and mitigate financial risks associated with currency fluctuations, interest rate changes, and commodity price volatility. By employing various hedging strategies, such as futures contracts, options, or swaps, businesses can stabilize cash flows, protect profit margins, and enhance budget predictability. This risk management approach helps companies maintain competitiveness in global markets and ensures they can meet financial obligations despite adverse market conditions. Ultimately, hedging supports more informed decision-making and fosters long-term growth.
Credit derivatives, such as credit default swaps, can amplify financial crises by allowing institutions to take on excessive risk without fully understanding their exposure. During the 2008 financial crisis, these instruments contributed to the collapse of major financial institutions, as they were often used to insure against defaults on mortgage-backed securities. The lack of transparency and regulation in the credit derivatives market further exacerbated the crisis, leading to a loss of investor confidence and a systemic downturn in the global economy. Ultimately, their misuse highlighted the interconnectedness of global financial systems and the potential for localized failures to trigger widespread turmoil.
The recession originated in America where mortgage companies got into massive debt by giving out many subprime mortgages. They then bundled this debt on to other countries such as the UK by borrowing from abroad to finance this risky lending.As UK banks began to struggle, the government allowed them to lend to each other to promote liquidity. Unfortunately, this resulted in more debt and tension between the banks. The negative publicity that Northern Rock brought caused panic to set in as consumers worried the banks would not be able to pay up. Consumer confidence was knocked greatly. Along with the overvalued housing market finally failing, consumption began to fall.Once Northern Rock was bailed out, some banks thought they were too big to collapse and continued lending for subprime mortgages, which obviously worsened the situation.
The main reason is too much debt. In other words, the typical US consumer is now awash in debt brought about by the profilgate use of credit cards, coupled by the purchase of homes with little or no down payment, and barely enough income to support monthly payments. Overly aggressive lending practices poured millions of dollars into the home mortgage business, and these dollars were offered to these marginal home buyers at extremely low initial interest rates. These low rates were come-ons, since the rates could and did escalate as the low initial offering rate period expired and the revised interest rates, in some cases, rose by 30-50%. These higher mortgage interest rates dramatically increased monthly payments, and over extended home purchasers simply did not have the income required to be able to make these increased payments.
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A cross-currency basis swap agreement is a contract in which one party borrows one currency from another party and simultaneously lends the same value, at current spot rates, of a second currency to that party. The parties involved in basis swaps tend to be financial institutions, either acting on their own or as agents for non-financial corporations. An FX swap agreement is a contract in which one party borrows one currency from, and simultaneously lends another to, the second party. Each party uses the repayment obligation to its counterparty as collateral and the amount of repayment is fixed at the FX forward rate as of the start of the contract.
Keith C. Brown has written: 'Hobbes' 'Interest rate and currency swaps' -- subject(s): Currency swaps, Interest rate futures
Forex brokers make money through spreads, which is the difference between the buying and selling price of a currency pair. They may also charge commissions or earn from overnight fees (swaps) for holding positions. Some brokers offer markups on spreads or provide premium services for additional fees.
By Irfan Ullah (MS MAJU Islamabad)Difference between swap and future market:NoFuture contractSwap1Traded at exchangeNot2No counterpartyHaving counter party3Clearing house existNo4No riskRisk of the counter party exist5Marked to marketRarely marked to market6Mostly long term contractMostly short term7RegulatedUnregulated
Swaps was born on March 1, 1952, in California, USA.
Roberto Blanco has written: 'An empirical analysis of the dynamic relationship between investment-grade bonds and credit default swaps' -- subject(s): Bonds, Swaps (Finance)
In interest rate swaps, each party agrees to pay either a fixed or a floating rate in a particular currency to the other party. The fixed or floating rate is multiplied with the Notional Principal Amount (NPA). This notional amount is not exchanged between the parties involved in the swap. This NPA is used only to calculate the interest flow between the two parties. The most common interest rate swap is where one party 'A' pays a fixed rate to the other party 'B' while receiving a floating rate which is pegged to a reference rate like LIBOR.
they live in swaps
The minimum number of swaps required to sort an array is equal to the number of inversions in the array.
he was dead in swaps of leaux
Stefan J. Jentzsch has written: 'Kapitalmarkt-Swaps' -- subject(s): Capital market, Swaps (Finance)