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The Hicks substitution effect keep utility constant rather than keeping pur-

chasing power constant.

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Hicks and slutsky theories on income and substitution effects?

jai jawan jai kisan


How can one calculate the substitution and income effects in economics?

To calculate the substitution and income effects in economics, you can use the Slutsky equation. This equation breaks down the total effect of a price change into the substitution effect and the income effect. The substitution effect measures how consumers shift their consumption between two goods when the price of one changes, while the income effect measures how the change in purchasing power affects overall consumption. By using the Slutsky equation, economists can analyze the impact of price changes on consumer behavior.


All giffen goods are Inferior good but not all inferior goods are giffen goods. explain?

Proof that all Giffen goods are inferior goods but not all inferior goods are Giffen goods. A Giffen good is defined as dx/dp > 0 (i.e. quantity demanded increases with own-price). An inferior good is defined as dx/dm < 0 (i.e. quantity demanded decreases with income). The own-price Slutsky equation tells that: dx/dp = dh/dp - x(dx/dm) (own-price elasticity of demand = substitution effect - income effect), where h is the Hicksian demand. dh/dp is always negative. If the good is Giffen, then the left hand side of the Slutsky equation is positive. Since dh/dp is negative, then it must be the case that dx/dm is negative (i.e. the good is inferior), since otherwise a positive income effect subtracted from the substitution effect would give a negative result. Therefore, all Giffen goods are inferior goods. Yet, it may be the case that x(dx/dm) is negative, an inferior good, but that the income effect is lesser than the substitution effect, so that the left hand side of the equation remains negative. Thus, not all inferior goods are Giffen.


How do you derive the substitution effect and income effect using Slutsky equation?

The Slutsky equation breaks down the total effect of a price change on the quantity demanded into two components: the substitution effect and the income effect. The substitution effect reflects how a change in the price of a good alters its relative attractiveness compared to other goods, leading to a change in consumption while keeping utility constant. The income effect, on the other hand, captures how a price change affects the consumer's purchasing power, thus altering the quantity demanded based on the new utility-maximizing consumption bundle. Mathematically, the Slutsky equation is expressed as ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial p} = \frac{\partial h}{\partial p} - h \frac{\partial x}{\partial I} ), where ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial p} ) is the total effect, ( \frac{\partial h}{\partial p} ) is the substitution effect, and ( -h \frac{\partial x}{\partial I} ) is the income effect.