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A bond pays fixed (defined in the bond) cashflows at discrete points in the future. If interest rates are hight, these future fixed amounts are of lesser value in the present than when interest rates are low. For example, if I were to pay you $100 in one year and interest rates are 10%, then the value of the money, in today's value is $90.91. If interest rates were zero, then it would be worth $100 today. A bond's value is merely the sum of a whole bunch of examples like this.
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The time value of money is based on the premise that an investor prefers to receive a payment of a fixed amount of money today, rather than an equal amount in the future, all else being equal. In particular, if one received the payment today, one can then earn interest on the money until that specified future date. All of the standard calculations are based on the most basic formula, the present value of a future sum, "discounted" to the present. For example, a sum of FV to be received in one year is discounted (at the appropriate rate of r) to give a sum of PV at present. Some standard calculations based on the time value of money are: : Present Value (PV) of an amount that will be received in the future. : Present Value of a Annuity (PVA) is the present value of a stream of (equally-sized) future payments, such as a mortgage. : Present Value of a Perpetuity is the value of a regular stream of payments that lasts "forever", or at least indefinitely. : Future Value (FV) of an amount invested (such as in a deposit account) now at a given rate of interest. : Future Value of an Annuity (FVA) is the future value of a stream of payments (annuity), assuming the payments are invested at a given rate of interest. The time value of money is based on the premise that an investor prefers to receive a payment of a fixed amount of money today, rather than an equal amount in the future, all else being equal. In particular, if one received the payment today, one can then earn interest on the money until that specified future date. All of the standard calculations are based on the most basic formula, the present value of a future sum, "discounted" to the present. For example, a sum of FV to be received in one year is discounted (at the appropriate rate of r) to give a sum of PV at present. Some standard calculations based on the time value of money are: : Present Value (PV) of an amount that will be received in the future. : Present Value of a Annuity (PVA) is the present value of a stream of (equally-sized) future payments, such as a mortgage. : Present Value of a Perpetuity is the value of a regular stream of payments that lasts "forever", or at least indefinitely. : Future Value (FV) of an amount invested (such as in a deposit account) now at a given rate of interest. : Future Value of an Annuity (FVA) is the future value of a stream of payments (annuity), assuming the payments are invested at a given rate of interest.
it increases
insurers set premiums based on the equivalence principle where they set the present value of future outgo to the present value of future benefits. the calculations allow for an implicit profit due to interest spreads.
$1480.24
What is the future value of $1,200 a year for 40 years at 8 percent interest? Assume annual compounding.
Future value= 25000*(1.08)10 =53973.12
102102.52
200000000 dollars
Assuming the interest is compounded annually, the future value is 100*(1.04)10 = 100*1.4802 (approx) = 148.02
$14,693.28
The face value is 40000*(1.05)10 = 65156 approx.
The value today, of 10,000 dollars from 1948 will be about 99,500 dollars. This is estimated at an interest rate of three and a half percent.
With only one year the value is 11600
The face value is 40000*(1.05)10 = 65156 approx.
1862