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What reasons would give for the rather sizable school dropout rates in developing countries?
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Why does adoption of the marketing concept encourage a firm to operate more efficiently?
existing of sizable market technology break-through encourage of mass communication available of expert in the field of marketig
What is the US import to export ratio?
The U.S. import and export ratio is a ratio of those respective values in relation to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) value. When the import value exceeds the export value, a trade deficit exists. When the export value exceeds the import value, a trade surplus exists. Currently, the U.S. has sizable trade deficits with China and Japan.
What are the negative impacts of globalization in Jamaica?
The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which now account for 70% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. The global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September 2002, stunted economic growth; the economy rebounded moderately in 2003, with one of the best tourist seasons on record. But the economy faces serious long-term problems: high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade deficit; large-scale unemployment; and a growing internal debt, the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. The ratio of debt to GDP is close to 150%. Inflation, previously a bright spot, is expected to remain in the double digits. Depressed economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including gang violence fueled by the drug trade. In 2004, the government faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem that is hampering economic growth.
Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy?
Aromatic (Aroma Producing) plants are those plants which produce a certain type of aroma. Their aroma is due to the presence of some kind of essential oil with chemical constituents that contain at least one benzene ring in the their chemical configuration .1Volatile oil:A substance of oily consistency and feel, derived from a plant and containing the principle to which the odor and taste of the plant are due (essential oil), in contrast to a fatty oil, a volatile oil evaporates when exposed to the air and thus is capable of distillation, it may also be obtained by expression or extraction, many volatile oils, identical to or closely resembling the natural oils identical to or closely resembling the natural oils can be made synthetically. Also known as ethereal oil.5 The essential oil industry was traditionally a cottage industry in India . Since 1974, a number of industrial companies have been established for large scale production of essential oils, oleo resins and perfume. The essential oils from plants being produced in India include ajowain oil, cedar wood oil, celery oil, citronella oil, davana oil, eucalyptus oil, geranium oil, lavender oil. lemon grass oil , mentha oil , palmarosa oil, patchaouli rose oil , sandal wood oil , turpentine oil and vetiver oil .The manufacture of turpentine oil , and resin from pine is a sizable and well established industry in India having 10,000 - 25000 tones annual production of the oil , α - pinine and δ-3 carene are the two vital components produced from the oil. α - Ionone from lemongrass oil for perfumery and β- ionone for vitamin A synthesis are produced in India . Before 1960, menthol was not produced in India but the introduction of Japanese mint, Mentha arvensis and subsequent improvements therefore enabled India to produces over 500 tones of menthol and now tops the world market in export of natural menthol 4Although the production of major oils is highly organized, a number of developing countries have volatile oil rich flora not fully utilized or cultivated and the United Nation. Industrial Development Organization has taken steps to inform on the setting up of rural based small scale essential oil industries 3Essential OilsThe chemical components of essential oils can be divided into two main categories, the hydrocarbon monoterpenes , diterpenes and sesquiterpenes , as well as some oxides , phenolices and sulphur and nitrogen containing material . Common terpenes include limonene which occurs in most citrus oils, and the antiseptic pine, found in pine and terpene oils. Important sesquterpenes include chamzulene and farnesene which occur in chamomile oil and which have been widely studied for anti inflammatory and bactericidal properties. The extensive occurrence of ester in essential oil include linalyl acetate , which is a component bergamot and lavender , and geranyl acetate found in sweet marjoram .Other common ester are the bornyl, eugenyl and lavendulyl acetate. The characteristic fruity aromas of esters are claimed to have sedative and fungicidal properties.Aldehydes are also clamed to have sedative properties, the most common being citralnellal and neral found in lemon sconted oils, citral also has antiseptic properties. Equally pungent to the aldehydes in many instances are the ketones such as jasmine and funchone found in jasmine and fennel oil, respectively. Ketones such as camphor, carnone , methone and pine comphone , found in many proprietary preparation are effective in upper respiratory tract complaints . However, some ketones are also among the more toxic components essential oils such they one found in pennyroyal and buchu.The alcohol within essential oils is generally nontoxic. Commonly occurring terpene alcohols include citronellal found in rose, lemon and eucalyptus, also geramnial, bornenol , fornenesol , menthol , nerol and linalool occurring in rose wood and lavender . Alcohol has antiseptic and antiviral properties and in aromatherapy are claimed to have an uplifting qualityA wide range of oxides occur in essential oils including ascaridol , bisabolol and bisaleolone oxides and linalool oxide from hyssop . The most important oxide, however, is cineole . Also known as eucalyptus oil, it occurs extensively in other oils such as bey laurel, rosemary and cajuput. It is used medicinally for its expectorant properties. 3Use of Essential oilIndian ScenarioIndia is one of the few countries in the world having varied agro climatic zones suitable for the cultivation of a host of essential oil bearing plants. Due to increased awareness of health hazards associated with synthetic chemicals coupled with the increase coast of petroleum products, the use of essential oils have been gradually increasing. The consumers are showing increasing preference for natural material over the synthetic. During the last few years with the spurt in the production of essential oils it is emerging as a potential agro based industry in India. At present in India about 30b % of the fine chemical used annually in perfumes and flavors come from essential oils. The total consumption of perfumery and flavorings material in India is abut 3800 MT / annum valued at Rs 100 crores. Food, dental, Pharmaceutical flavors share is around 700 MT and te rest represents perfumery. The estimated production of perfumery raw material is around 500 tones / annum valued at Rs 400 crores. According to trade Development Authority of India the total production of fragrance excluding formulation for captive consumption by the user industry is about Rs 120 crores /annum. A number of essential oils form palmarosa , citronella ginger grass , basil , mint , lemon grass , eucalyptus cedar wood , lavender oil , davana oil , celery seed oil , fennel and other oils have been widely used in a variety of products in India . Out of these the essential oils currently being produced in India are oil of citronella , lemongrass , basil , mint , sandalwood , palmarosa , eucalyptus , cedar wood , vetiver and geranium Rose oil , lavender , davana oil , oil of khus and ginger grass are produced in small quantities . During last forty year the importance of developing essential oil bearing plants is being increasingly realized. With the introduction of Japanese mint and subsequent improvement there upon, India produces 5000 tones of menthol values Rs 100 crores and is one of the leading Menthol produced in India before 1960. Presently the areas under mint cultivation are estimated to the around 40000 hectares mainly in U.P., Punjab, Haryana and to some extent in Bihar and M.P. The expert of essential oils during the year 1991-92 ha been 53.6 crores as against to 40 crores during the year 1990-91 thereby registering an increases of 37 % over the last year. An amount of Rs 61 crores have been saved foreign exchange annually by means of production of certain oils of mint , aromatic grass , linalool , geranium , lavender and rose oil during 91-92. With the increase in production of above essential oil, it would be possible for the country to save more valuable foreign exchange in the coming years. 2 The magic items of expert are ginger oil., sandal wood oil , lemon grass oil , jasmine oil , tuberose concrete ad other essential oils . During the year 1991-92 export of sandalwood oil has registered a recorded figure of Rs 13 crores compound to Rs 6.2 crores during 1990-91. The major buyers of Indian essential oil being USSR , USA , France , UK , Netherlands, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Spain ,Morocco, Germany, Australia, Pakistan, Korea, Taiwan etc. Similarly, citronella oil production has reached 500 tons when it was totally imported 55 years ago. Also jasmine and tuberose concentrate from south India have created a marks in world marked. Thus an interesting scenario in the development of natural essential oil in India has enraged.2World ScenarioIndia ranks 26th in import & 14 in respect of export in world in the trade of essential oil. USA, France, Germany are the top three countries in the world in the trade of essential oil. India hold around .7% of import & 1.1% of export .The values of export from India during 1991-92 to 4 major countries like USA, France ,Germany has been to the tune Of rupees 21.2 core with major share going to USA (rupees 8.2 crore) &France (Rs 7.39 crore) The world trade in essential oil & its product is vast and the oil of major importance are aniseed, citronella, clove, geranium, lemon grass, peppermint oil, patchouli, sandalwood and vetiver, sand wood ,mint oil, lemongrass, palmorosa occupies prominent position in the world market.Future demandApproximately 90 % of the present requirement of essential oil in the country is met by the indigenous production and 10 % from import. In 1950 the production was hardly 75 80 tones, which has since resin to 8000 tones. This has been both vertical and horizontal growth in the production of essential oil. Peppermint and spearmint and other mint oil constitute 68% of total volume of production of essential oil in the country. Other important varieties which constitute of 28% of the total production are: basil oil, citronella oil, eucalypts oil, lemongrass, palmorosa, and sandalwood & vitever oil. The annual growth rate of pharmaceutical industry in terms of vol. & value is expected to be between 11-13 % in the next 5 years. The other important sector showing rapid expansion is the processed food industry particularly ice cream and confectionery items. Fragrance finds use in toiletries and personal care products. Volume wise toiletries constitute 90 % of all these products. The annual production of toiletries has been estimated by Toilet Makers Association from 3.5 lakhs tones In 1991 to 4.8 lakh tones in 1995 ., at an annual growth rate of 8 % . The requirement of essential oils by consumer industries under fragrances, flavour and aroma chemicals are 60 % 20% and 20% respectively. 2 The home demand for essential oils during the next five year, is given below keeping the base year 1991-92 =100 and consumption at 8100 tones. 2YearDemand1993-941994-951995-961996-971997-9810.11112.113.314.5The association of essential oils manufactures estimated growth in export value from Rs 50 corers in 1991-92 to Rs 125 corers in 1995-96. India ranks 14 th in world export trade, share being an average 0.6 -0.8 % of the total. These are an ample room for penetration into the foreign market especially to the newly developing countries of the middle and for east. Certain Indian varieties namely Sandalwood, lemongrass, palmarosa , davana , jasmine and all mint oils are becoming popular in these countries though there is a competition from other developing countries (namely China and Indonesia 0 and the synthetics oils that are manufactures in the European countries are much cheaper than the natural oils . India is the world leader in production of mint oils .2Taking 191-92 as the base year = 100 and the average export of 793 tones, the estimated demand of essential oil for export and the total demand (domestic and export ) during 5 year are as under 2YearDemand for export(000 tones )Total demands(000 tones )93-9494-9595-9696-9797-981.21.622.63.411.312.414.115.917.9The total west European market for flavor and fragrance is estimated to the 100000 tones in 1991 with flavor industry accounting for 40% & fragrance industry accounting for 60%. It's therefore presented that total consumption will touch 1, 15000 tones in 1996 at an annual growth of 3 % while the sale of flavors and fragrances in USA will reach US $ billion in 1995 with the annual growth rate of 7 %. The sale of essential oils are expected to reach US $ 435 millions in 1995 2Indian expert earning from some selects essential oils during 1989-90ItemsQuantity (tones )Values ( Rs )SandalwoodLemongrassJasmine / tuberose concentratePeppermintEucalyptusDavanaPalmoroseCedarwoodCardamonClove oil15185-7317.502760.2950.677--57.1053.5024.4022.302.401.900.090.094.4110426Foreign exchange saved from some essential oil during 1991-92ItemsQuantity (tones)Values ( Rs )Bergamot mintCitrenella oil javaCeranium oilJapanese mint oilLinalol oilPeppermint oilRose oilSpearmint2060030250050400.018030800300450012010010240Export of major essential oil from IndiaMentha aruensis and mint oil , Cedar wood oil , Clove oil, Eucalyptus oil, Tuberose concentrate , Palmarosa oil, Patchouli oil, Sandalwood oil, Lemongrass oil, Davana oil, Coriander oil, Dill oil, Spearmint oil, Rose oil, Mentha piperta , Jasmine concentrate, Jasmine oil Import of major essential oilCitranella oil, Geranium oil, Jasmine oil, Mentha aruensis , Mentha piperata , Vetiver oil, Cedarwood oil, Clove oil, Eucalyptus oil, Palmarosa oil, Patchouli oil, Sandalwood oil Lemon grass oil, Davana oil, Anise oil, Caraway oil, Coriander oil, Spearmint oil, Lavender oilReference:1. Kokate C.K. , Pharamacognosy Nirali Prakashan 2. Handa S.S. and Kaul M.K. , Supplement to cultivation and utilization of aromatic plants , Regional Research lab council for Scientific and industrial Research3. Trease and Evans , Pharamcognosy Saunders4. Handa S.S. and Kaul M.K. , Supplement to cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants , Reginal Research lab Jammu Tawi5. www.Herbaldata.com6. www.Wikipedia.com7. Varsheny S.C. Export of essential oil from India. Ind
What are the positive and the negative impacts of green revolution?
Following are the positive and negative impacts of green revolution:-Positive ImpactsThe Green Revolution led to sizable increases in returns toland, and hence raised farmers' incomes. Moreover, withgreater income to spend, new needs for farm inputs, and millingand marketing services, farm families led a general increase indemand for goods and services.This stimulated the ruralnonfarm economy, which in turn grew and generated significantnew income and employment of its own. Real per capitaincomes almost doubled in Asia between 1970 and 1995, andpoverty declined from nearly three out of every five Asians in1975 to less than one in three by 1995.The absolute numberof poor people fell from 1.15 billion in 1975 to 825 million in1995 despite a 60 percent increase in population. In India, thepercentage of the rural population living below the poverty linefluctuated between 50 and 65 percent before the mid-1960sbut then declined steadily to about one-third of the ruralpopulation by 1993. Research studies show that much of thissteady decline in poverty is attributable to agricultural growthand associated declines in food prices.The Green Revolution also contributed to better nutrition byraising incomes and reducing prices, which permitted people toconsume more calories and a more diversified diet. Bigincreases occurred in per capita consumption of vegetable oils,fruits, vegetables, and livestock products in Asia.Negative ImpactsA revolution of this magnitude was bound to create someproblems of its own. Critics charged that the GreenRevolution resulted in environmental degradation andincreased income inequality, inequitable asset distribution, andworsened absolute poverty. Some of these criticisms are validand have been or still need to be addressed. But there is atendency today to overstate the problems and to ignore theappropriate counterfactual situation: what would have been themagnitude of hunger and poverty without the yield increases ofthe Green Revolution and with the same population growth?The Green Revolution in Asia stimulated a large body of empiricalliterature on how agricultural technological change affects poorfarmers. Critics of the Green Revolution argued that owners oflarge farms were the main adopters of the new technologiesbecause of their better access to irrigation water, fertilizers, seeds,and credit. Small farmers were either unaffected or harmedbecause the Green Revolution resulted in lower productprices, higher input prices, and efforts by landlords to increaserents or force tenants off the land. Critics also argued that theGreen Revolution encouraged unnecessary mechanization,thereby pushing down rural wages and employment.Although anumber of village and household studies conducted soon afterthe release of Green Revolution technologies lent somesupport to early critics, more recent evidence shows mixedoutcomes. Small farmers did lag behind large farmers inadopting Green Revolution technologies, yet many of themeventually did so. Many of these small-farm adopters benefitedfrom increased production, greater employment opportunities,and higher wages in the agricultural and nonfarm sectors.Moreover, most smallholders were able to keep their land andexperienced significant increases in total production. In somecases, small farmers and landless laborers actually ended upgaining proportionally more income than larger farmers, resultingin a net improvement in the distribution of village income.Development practitioners now have a better understanding ofthe conditions under which the Green Revolution and similaryield-enhancing technologies are likely to have equitablebenefits among farmers.These conditions include: (1) a scaleneutraltechnology package that can be profitably adopted onfarms of all sizes; (2) an equitable distribution of land withsecure ownership or tenancy rights; (3) efficient input, credit,and product markets so that farms of all sizes have access tomodern farm inputs and information and are able to receivesimilar prices for their products; and (4) policies that do notdiscriminate against small farms and landless laborers (forinstance, no subsidies on mechanization and no scale biases inagricultural research and extension).These conditions are noteasy to meet.Typically, governments must make a concertedeffort to ensure that small farmers have fair access to land,knowledge, and modern inputs.
Is Mexico an economic giant?
No. It is a developing country with a sizable economy ranked as 11th in the world, but lacks the volume and dynamism of economies such as Brazil or China, or the high development of countries such as Japan, Germany or France.
Where are lakes a sizable in land body of water?
what are difirent meaning of sizable
What countries are the religion of Muslim found?
there are more than 55 counties in an organisation called oic (organisation of Islamic ) countries . other than these there are many other countries like us UK France India etc where there is sizable Muslim population.
How do you use the word sizable in a sentence?
Peter forgot about his grief when he learned that his inheritance would be sizable.
How do you spell sizable?
Sizeable
How were japan and china culturally different at the end of the nineteenth century?
Japan was a successfully industrialized country with a sizable army and a strong economy, while China's economy remained weak and vulnerable to the interferences of imperial countries.
How do you spell size adding able?
You drop the 'e': sizable.
What is a synonym for roomy?
spacious, large, generous, capacious, sizable
Do eskimos still live in Greenland?
Yes, a very sizable population.
What are homebrew robots?
They are rapidly expanding subculture with a sizable web presence.
Was the first sizable political organization formed by US?
National Grange
What was the sizable political organization formed by US farmers?
National Grange
