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As first stated by Ricardo, specialization occurs because, through trade, this leads to the most benefits for all trading entities. They choose to produce whatever it is in which they have comparative advantage, that is the lowest opportunity cost. For example, given a set of resources (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs, time), each country will be able to produce several products, but in one of them they are more efficient and have lower costs, so they naturally specialize because they are better at producing this good. The production possibilities frontier is extended past its normal barrier with trade because both countries benefit from producing what they are good at and importing those things in which they do not have a comparative advantage.

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Q: Why do states specialize on a certain good or service?
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