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Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem. An example of recursion is the factorial function, which calculates the product of all positive integers up to a given number. For instance, the factorial of 5 (written as 5!) is calculated as 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 120. In this calculation, the factorial function calls itself with a smaller number until it reaches the base case of 1.

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