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What else can I help you with?
What is a naiki?
Chromodoris Naiki is a sea slug
Where can you get Telugu essays?
telugu language and culture
What actors and actresses appeared in Unmei ningen - 2004?
The cast of Unmei ningen - 2004 includes: Tetsu Kamata Miyuki Komatsu as Nojimi Eiji Naiki Aimi Nakamura Kosuke Toyohara as Tamiya
Give you some essay in urdu on the topic naiki bari ibadat hai?
نیکی ایک بڑی عبادت ہے کہتے ہیں کہ جو انسان کسی اچھے کام کی طرف متوجہ ہوتا ہے، اسے اللہ بھی اُسے مخلصی سے دیکھتا ہے۔ اعمال کی اہمیت پر یقین رکھنے والا شخص ہمیشہ دوسروں کے لیے بہتر ہوتا ہے اور خود کو بھی خوشحال محسوس کرتا ہے۔ نیکی اخلاقیت، انسانیت اور معاشرت میں آپسی اتحاد کی بنیاد ہے۔
What are the languages spoken throughout the world?
You've asked a very broad and general question so it's quite difficult to answer. There are countless countries and islands in the world and more than twice as many languages - some official, some not.Find below a list of languages spoken throughout the world that I have managed to find in Wikipedia - not the most reliable of source, mind you.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_name)Abanyom (Bantu)Abaza (Northwest Caucasian)Abenaki (Algonquian)Abkhaz or Abkhazian (Northwest Caucasian)Abujmaria (Dravidian)Acehnese (Malayo-Polynesian)Adamorobe Sign Language (Signing)Adele (Kwa)Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian)Afar (Cushitic)Afrikaans (Germanic)Afro-Seminole Creole (English-based creole)Aimaq or Barbari (Iranian)Aini (Turkic)Ainu (language isolate)Akan (Kwa)Akawaio (Carib)Akkadian (Semitic) (extinct)Aklanon (Malayo-Polynesian)Albanian (Indo-European)Aleut (Eskimo-Aleut)Algonquin (Algonquian)Alemán Coloneiro (Germanic)Alsatian (Germanic)Altay (Turkic)Alutor (Chukotko-Kamchatkan)American Sign Language (Signing)Amharic (Semitic)Amorite (Semitic) (extinct)Anglo-Saxon or Old English (Germanic)Amdang (Nilo-Saharan)Ammonite (Semitic) (extinct)Andalusian (Romance)Angaur (Malayo-Polynesian)Angika (Indo-Aryan)Anyin (Volta-Congo)Ao (Tibeto-Burman)A-Pucikwar (Andamanese)Arabic (Semitic)Aragonese (Romance)Aramaic (Semitic)Are (Malayo-Polynesian)Argobba (Semitic)Aromanian or Macedo-Romanian (Romance)Armenian (Indo-European)Arvanitic (Indo-European)Ashkenazi Hebrew (Semitic)Ashkun (Indo-Iranian)Assamese (Indo-Iranian)Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Semitic)Ateso or Teso (Nilotic)Asi (Malayo-Polynesian)Asturian (Romance)Ati (Malayo-Polynesian)Auslan (Signing)Avar (Northeast Caucasian)Avestan (Indo-Iranian)Awadhi (Indo-Iranian)Aymara (Aymaran)Azerbaijani (Turkic)Badaga (Dravidian)Badeshi (Indo-Iranian)Bahnar (Austroasiatic)Bajelani (Indo-Iranian)Balinese (Malayo-Polynesian)Balochi (Indo-Iranian)Balti (Tibeto-Burman)Bambara or Bamanankan (Mande)Banjar (Malayo-Polynesian)Banyumasan (Malayo-Polynesian)Basaa (Bantu)Bashkir (Turkic)Basque (Isolated)Batak Dairi (Malayo-Polynesian)Batak Karo (Malayo-Polynesian)Batak Mandailing (Malayo-Polynesian)Batak Simalungun (Malayo-Polynesian)Batak Toba (Malayo-Polynesian)Bateri (Indo-Iranian language)Bats (North Caucasian)Bavarian (Germanic)Beja (Cushitic)Belarusian (Slavic)Belhare (Tibeto-Burman)Bellari (Dravidian)Berta (Nilo-Saharan)Bemba (Bantu)Bengali (Indo-Aryan)Bengali Sign language (Sign languages)Bezhta (Northeast Caucasian)Beothuk (unclassified) (extinct)Berber (Afro-Asiatic)Bete (Niger-Congo)Bété (Niger-Congo)Bhili (Indo-Aryan)Bhojpuri (Indo-Aryan)Bijil Neo-Aramaic (Semitic)Bikol (Malayo-Polynesian)Bikya or Furu (Bantu)Bissa (Mande)Blackfoot (Algonquian)Boholano (Malayo-Polynesian)Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (Semitic)Bolgar (unclassified) (extinct)Bonan or Paoan (Mongolic)Bororo (Bororoan)Bosnian (Slavic)Brahui (Dravidian)Breton (Celtic)British Sign Language (Signing)Bua (Niger-Congo)Buginese (Malayo-Polynesian)Bukusu (Bantu)Bulgarian (Slavic)Bunjevac (Slavic)Burmese (Tibeto-Burman)Burushaski (language isolate)Buryat (Mongolic)CCaluyanon or Caluyanun (Malayo-Polynesian)Camunic (unclassified) (extinct)Cantonese (Sinitic)Carian (Anatolian) (extinct)Catawba (Siouan) (extinct)Catalan (Romance)Cayuga (Iroquoian)Cebuano (Malayo-Polynesian)Chabacano or Chavacano (Creole)Chaga or Kichagga (Bantu)Chagatai (Turkic) (extinct)Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (Semitic)Chamorro (Malayo-Polynesian)Chaouia or Tachawit (Berber)Chechen (Northeast Caucasian)Chemakum (Chimakuan) (extinct)Chenchu (Dravidian)Chenoua (Berber)Cherokee (Iroquoian)Cheyenne (Algonquian)Chhattisgarhi (Indo-Aryan)Chickasaw (Muskogean)Chintang or Chhintang (Tibeto-Burman)Chilcotin (Athabaskan)Chinese (Sinitic)Chiricahua or Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (Athabaskan)Chichewa or Nyanja (Bantu)Chipewyan (Athabaskan)Chittagonian (Indo-Aryan)Choctaw (Muskogean)Chorasmian or Khwarezmian (Iranian)Chukchi or Chukot (Chukotko-Kamchatkan)Chulym (Turkic)Church Slavonic (Slavic)Chuukese or Trukese (Malayo-Polynesian)Chuvash (Turkic)Cocoma or Cocama (Tupian)Cocopa (Hokan)Coeur d'Alene (Salishan)Comorian (Bantu)Coptic (Egyptian) (extinct, liturgical language)Cornish (Celtic) (revived)Corsican (Romance)Cree (Algonquian)Crimean Tatar or Crimean Turkish (Turkic)Croatian (Slavic)Cuman (Turkic) (extinct)Cumbric (Celtic) (extinct)Curonian (Baltic) (extinct)Cuyonon (Malayo-Polynesian)Czech (Slavic)DDacian (Indo-European) (extinct)Dagbani (Gur)Dahlik (Semitic)Dalecarlian (Germanic)Dalmatian (Romance) (extinct)Dameli (Indo-Aryan)Danish (Germanic)Dargin (Northeast Caucasian)Dari (Zoroastrian) (Iranian)Dari-Persian (Iranian)Darkhat (Mongolic)Daur or Dagur (Mongolic)Dena'ina or Tanaina (Athapaskan)Dhatki (Indo-Aryan)Dhivehi or Maldivian (Indo-Aryan)Dida (Volta-Congo)Dioula or Jula (Mande)Dogri (Indo-Aryan)Dogrib or Tli Cho (Athapaskan)Dolgan (Turkic)Domaaki or Dumaki (Indo-Aryan)Dongxiang or Santa (Mongolic)Duala (Bantu)Dungan (Sinitic)Dutch (Germanic)Dzhidi or Judeo-Persian (Iranian)Dzongkha (Tibeto-Burman)EEastern Yugur (Mongolic)Eblaite (Semitic) (extinct)Edomite (Semitic) (extinct)Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic) (extinct)Egyptian Arabic (Semitic)Ekoti (Bantu)Elamite (isolated) (extinct)Endegen (Semitic)Enets or Yenisey Samoyed (Samoyedic)English (Germanic)Ennemor or Inor (Semitic)Erzya (Finno-Ugric)Esperanto (planned language)Estonian (Finno-Ugric)Etruscan (Tyrsenian) (extinct)Even (Altaic)Evenk or Evenki (Altaic)Ewe (Volta-Congo)Eyak (Na-Dené)FFaeroese (Germanic)Fang (Bantu)Fars (Iranian)Fijian (Malayo-Polynesian)Filipino (Malayo-Polynesian)Finnish (Finno-Ugric)Finnish Sign Language (Signing)Flemish language (Belgium)Fon (Volta-Congo)Franco-Provençal or Arpitan (Romance)French (Romance)French Sign Language (Signing)Frisian, North (Germanic)Frisian, Saterland (Germanic)Frisian, West (Germanic)Friulian (Romance)Fula or Fulfulde or Fulani (Atlantic)Fur (Nilo-Saharan)GGa (Volta-Congo)Gadaba (Dravidian)Gafat (Semitic) (extinct)Gagauz (Turkic)Galician (Romance)Gan (Sinitic)Gangte (Tibeto-Burman)Garhwali (Indo-Aryan)Gaulish (Celtic) (extinct)Gayo (Malayo-Polynesian)Gazi (Iranian)Ge'ez (Semitic) (extinct)Gen or Gẽ or Mina (Volta-Congo)Georgian (South Caucasian)German (Germanic)German Sign Language (Signing)Ghomara (Berber) (extinct)Gikuyu or Kikuyu (Bantu)Gilbertese or Kiribati (Malayo-Polynesian)Gileki (Iranian)Goaria (Indo-Aryan)Gondi (Dravidian)Gothic (Germanic) (extinct)Gawar-Bati or Gowari or Narsati (Indo-Aryan)Grangali or Gelangali (Indo-Aryan)Greek (Indo-European)Guanche (Berber) (extinct)Guaraní (Tupian)Gujarati (Indo-Aryan)Gula Iro or Kulaal (Volta-Congo)Gullah or Sea Island Creole English (English-based creole)Gusii (Bantu)Gwichʼin (Athabaskan)HHadramautic (Semitic) (extinct)Hadza or Hatsa (Khoisan)Haida or Masset (Na-Dené)Haitian Creole (French-based creole)Hakka (Sinitic)Hän (Athabaskan)Harari (Semitic)Harauti (Indo-Aryan)Harsusi (Semitic)Haryanavi or Haryani or Bangru (Indo-Aryan) (a dialect of Hindi)Harzani (Iranian)Hattic (unclassified, possibly Northwest Caucasian) (extinct)Hausa (Afro-Asiatic)Havasupai or Upland Yuman (Hokan)Hawaiian (Malayo-Polynesian)Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language (Signing)Hazaragi (Iranian) (a dialect of Persian)Hebrew (Semitic)Herero (Bantu)Hértevin (Semitic)Hiligaynon or Ilonggo (Malayo-Polynesian)Hindi (Indo-Aryan)Hinukh (Northeast Caucasian)Hiri Motu (Motu-based Pidgin)Hittite (Anatolian) (extinct)Hixkaryana (Carib)Hmong (Hmong Mien)Ho (Austroasiatic)Hobyót (Semitic)Hopi (Uto-AztecanHulaulá (Semitic)Hungarian (Finno-Ugric)Hurrian (Hurro-Urartian) (extinct)Hutterite German (Germanic)IMain article: List of languages by name: I Ibibio (Volta-Congo)Iban (Malayo-Polynesian)Ibanag (Malayo-Polynesian)Icelandic (Germanic)Igbo or Ibo or Biafra (Volta-Congo)Ikalanga or Kalanga (Bantu)Ili Turki (Turkic)Illinois (Algonquian) (extinct)Ilokano or Ilocano (Malayo-Polynesian)Inari Sami (Finno-Ugric)Indonesian (Malayo-Polynesian)Ingrian or Izhorian (Finno-Ugric)Ingush (Northeast Caucasian)Inuktitut (Eskimo-Aleut)Inupiaq (Eskimo-Aleut)Inuvialuktun (Eskimo-Aleut)Iraqw (Cushitic)Irish or Irish Gaelic (Celtic)Irish Sign Language (Signing)Irula (Dravidian)Isan or Northeastern Thai (Kradai)Istro-Romanian (Romance)Italian (Romance)Itelmen or Kamchadal (Chukotko-Kamchatkan)JMain article: List of languages by name: J Jacaltec or Jakalteko (Mayan)Jalaa (unclassified, possibly Niger-Congo)Japanese (isolated, possibly Altaic)Jaqaru (Aymaran)Jarai (Malayo-Polynesian)Javanese (Malayo-Polynesian)Jibbali or Shehri (Semitic)Jicarilla Apache (Athabaskan)Juang (Austro-Asiatic)Judeo-Aramaic (Semitic) (extinct)Jurchen (Tungusic) (extinct)KMain article: List of languages by name: K Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian)Kabyle (Berber)Kachin or Jingpo (Tibeto-Burman)Kalaallisut or Greenlandic (Eskimo-Aleut)Kalami or Gawri or Dirwali (Indo-Aryan)Kalasha (Indo-Aryan)Kalmyk or Oirat (Mongolic)Kalto or Nahali (Indo-Aryan)Kamas (Samoyedic) (extinct)Kankanai or Kankanaey (Malayo-Polynesian)Kannada (Dravidian)Kaonde or Chikaonde (Bantu)Kapampangan (Malayo-Polynesian)Karachay-Balkar (Turkic)Karagas (Turkic)Karaim (Turkic)Karakalpak (Turkic)Karelian (Finno-Ugric)Kashmiri (Indo-Aryan)Kashubian (Slavic)Kawi (Malayo-Polynesian) (extinct)Kazakh (Turkic)Kemi Sami (Finno-Ugric) (extinct)Kensiu (Austro-Asiatic)Kerek (Paleosiberian)Ket (Chukotko-Kamchatkan)Khakas (Turkic)Khalaj (Turkic)Kham or Sheshi (Tibeto-Burman)Khandeshi (Indo-Aryan)Khanty or Ostyak (Finno-Ugric)Khasi (Austro-Asiatic)Khazar (probably Turkic) (extinct)Khirwar (Dravidian)Khmer (Austro-Asiatic)Khmu (Austro-Asiatic)Khowar (Indo-Aryan)Khunsari (Iranian)Kildin Sami (Baltic-Finnic)Kimatuumbi (Bantu)Kinaray-a or Hiraya (Malayo-Polynesian)Kinyarwanda (Bantu)Kirombo (Bantu)Kirundi (Bantu)Kivunjo (Bantu)Klallam or Clallam (Salishan)Kodava Takk or Kodagu or Coorgi (Dravidian)Kohistani or Khili (Indo-Aryan)Kolami (Dravidian)Komi or Komi-Zyrian (Finno-Ugric)Konda (Trans-New Guinea)Konkani (Indo-Aryan)Kongo or Kikongo (Bantu)Koraga (Dravidian)Korandje (Nilo-Saharan)Korean (isolated)Korku (Austro-Asiatic)Korowai (Trans-New Guinea)Korwa (Austro-Asiatic)Koryak (Chukotko-Kamchatkan)Kosraean (Malayo-Polynesian)Kota (Dravidian)Koyra Chiini or Western Songhay (Nilo-Saharan)Koy Sanjaq Surat (Semitic)Koya (Dravidian)Krymchak or Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Turkic)Kujarge (unclassified, perhaps Chadic)Kui (Dravidian)Kumauni (Indo-Aryan)Kumyk (Turkic)Kumzari (Iranian)ǃKung (Khoisan)Kurdish (Iranian)Kurukh or Kurux (Dravidian)Kurumba (Dravidian)Kusunda (Tibeto-Burman) (extinct)Kutenai or Kootenay or Ktunaxa (isolated)Kuvi (Dravidian)Kwanyama or Ovambo (Bantu)Kxoe (Khoisan)Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Turkic)LMain article: List of languages by name: L Laal (unclassified)Ladakhi (Tibeto-Burman)Ladin (Romance)Ladino or Judeo-Spanish (Romance)Lakota or Lakhota or Teton (Siouan)Lambadi or Lamani or Banjari (Indo-Aryan)Lao or Laotian (Kradai)Latin (Romance) (liturgical language)Latvian (Baltic)Laz or Lazuri (South Caucasian)Lenape or Unami or Delaware (Algonquian) (extinct)Leonese (Romance)Lepontic (Celtic) (extinct)Lezgi or Agul (Northeast Caucasian)Ligbi or Ligby (Mande)Limburgish (Germanic)Lingala (Bantu)Lipan Apache (Athabascan)Lisan al-Dawat (Indo-Aryan)Lishana Deni (Semitic)Lishanid Noshan or Lishana Didan (Semitic)Lithuanian (Baltic)Livonian or Liv (Finno-Ugric)Lombard (Romance)Lotha (Tibeto-Burman)Low German or Low Saxon or Plattdeutsch (Germanic)Lower Sorbian (Slavic)Lozi or Silozi (Bantu)Ludic or Ludian (Finno-Ugric)Luganda (Bantu)Lunda or Chilunda (Bantu)Luri (Iranian)Lushootseed (Salishan)Lusoga or Soga (Bantu)Luvale (Bantu)Luwati (Indo-Iranian)Luwian or Luvian (Anatolian) (extinct)Luxembourgish (Germanic)Lycian (Anatolian) (extinct)Lydian (Anatolian) (extinct)MMain article: List of languages by name: M Macedonian (Slavic)Macedonian, Ancient (Proto-Greek) (extinct)Magadhi (Indo-Aryan)Maguindanao (Malayo-Polynesian)Mahican (Algonquian) (extinct)Mahl (Indo-Aryan)Maithili (Indo-Aryan)Makasar (Malayo-Polynesian)Makhuwa or Makua (Bantu)Makhuwa-Meetto (Bantu)Malagasy (Malayo-Polynesian)Malay (Malayo-Polynesian)Malayalam (Dravidian)Malaysian Sign Language (Signing)Maltese (Semitic)Malto or Sauria Paharia (Dravidian)Malvi or Malavi or Ujjaini (Indo-Aryan)Mam (Mayan)Manchurian (Tungusic)Manda (Dravidian)Mandaic (Semitic)Mandarin (Sinitic)Mandinka (Niger-Congo)Mansi or Vogul (Finno-Ugric)Manx (Celtic)Manyika (Bantu)Maori (Malayo-Polynesian)Mapudungun or Mapuche (isolated)Maragoli (Bantu)Maranao (Malayo-Polynesian)Marathi (Indo-Aryan)Mari or Cheremis (Finno-Ugric)Maria (Dravidian)Marquesan (Malayo-Polynesian)Marshallese or Ebon (Malayo-Polynesian)Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (Signing)Masaba (Bantu)Masbatenyo or Minasbate (Malayo-PolynesianMeitei or Manipuri or Meithei (Tibeto-Burman)Mesqan or Masqan (Semitic)Mator (Samoyedic) (extinct)Mauritian Creole or Morisyen (French-based creole)Maya (Mayan)Mazandarani or Tabari(Iranian)Meänkieli or Tornedalen Finnish (Finno-Ugric)Megleno-Romanian (Romance)Megrelian or Mingrelian (South Caucasian)Mehri or Mahri (Semitic)Menominee (Algonquian)Mentawai (Malayo-Polynesian)Meroitic (unclassified, maybe Nilo-Saharan or isolated)Merya (Finno-Ugric) (extinct)Mescalero Apache (Athabaskan)Mesmes (Semitic) (extinct)Messapian (Indo-European (extinct)Meru or Kimeru (Bantu)Miami (Algonquian) (extinct)Michif (mixed, French and Cree based)Middle Dutch (Germanic) (extinct)Middle English (Germanic) (extinct)Middle French (Romance) (extinct)Middle High German (Germanic) (extinct)Middle Persian or Pahlavi (Iranian) (extinct)Mikasuki or Miccosukee (Muskogean)Mi'kmaq or Micmac (Algonquian)Minaean (Semitic) (extinct)Minangkabau (Malayo-Polynesian)Mirandese (Romance)Mlahsô or Suryoyo (Semitic) (extinct)Moabite (Semitic) (extinct)Mobilian Jargon (pidgin, Choctaw and French based)Moghol (Mongolic)Mohawk (Iroquoian)Mohegan (Algonquian) (extinct)Moksha (Finno-Ugric)Molengue (Bantu)Mon (Austro-Asiatic)Mongolian (Mongolic)Mono (Volta-Congo)Mono (Uto-Aztecan)Mono (Malayo-Polynesian)Montagnais (Algonquian)Montenegrin (Slavic)Motu (Malayo-Polynesian)Mpre (unclassified, perhaps Niger-Congo or isolated) (extinct)Muher (Semitic)Mukha-Dora or Nuka (unclassified)Mundari (Austro-Asiatic)Munji (Iranian)Murcian (Murcian)Muria (Dravidian)Muromian (Finno-Ugric) (extinct)Murut (Malayo-Polynesian)Main article: List of languages by name: NContentsTop · 0-9 · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Nafaanra (Volta-Congo)Nagarchal (Dravidian)Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan)Naiki (Dravidian)Nama (Khoisan)Nanai (Tungusic)Natanzi (Iranian)Nauruan (Malayo-Polynesian)Navajo or Navaho (Na-Dené)Nayini or Biyabanak (Iranian)Ndau or Southeast Shona (Bantu)Ndebele (Bantu)Ndonga (Bantu)Neapolitan (Romance)Negidal (Tungusic)Nenets or Yurak (Samoyedic)Nepal Bhasa or Newari (Tibeto-Burman)Nepali (Indo-Aryan)New Zealand Sign Language (Signing)Nihali or Nahali (isolated)Nganasan or Tavgi (Samoyedic)Ngumba (Bantu)Nheengatu or Geral or Modern Tupí (Tupian)NiasNicaraguan Sign Language (Signing)Nicola (Athabaskan languages) (extinct)Niellim (Volta-Congo)Nigerian Pidgin (pidgin, English-based)Nisenan (Penutian) (Maiduan)Niuean or Niue (Malayo-Polynesian)Nivkh or Gilyak (isolated)Nogai (Turkic)Norfuk or Norfolk or Pitcairn-Norfolk (cant, English-Tahitian based)Norman or Norman-French (Romance)Norn (Germanic) (extinct)Northern Sami (Finno-Ugric)Northern Sotho or Sepedi (Bantu)Northern Straits Salish) (Salishan)Northern Yukaghir (Yukaghir)Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk, Riksmål) (Germanic)Nuer (Nilotic)Nuxálk or Bella Coola (Salishan)Nyabwa (Volta-Congo)Nyah Kur (Austro-Asiatic)Nyangumarta (Pama-Nyungan)Nyoro (Bantu)Nǀu (Khoisan)OMain article: List of languages by name: O Occitan or Provençal (Romance)Ojibwe or Ojibwa or Chippewa (Algonquian)Old Church Slavonic (Slavic) (extinct, liturgical language)Old English or Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) (extinct)Old French (Romance) (extinct)Old French Sign Language (Signing) (extinct)Old High German (Germanic) (extinct)Old Norse (Germanic) (extinct)Old Nubian language (Nilo-Saharan) (extinct)Old Persian (Iranian) (extinct)Old Prussian (Baltic) (extinct)Old Saxon (Germanic) (extinct)Old South Arabic (Semitic) (extinct)Old Tupi or Tupinamba (Tupian) (extinct)Olonets Karelian or Liv or Livvi (Finno-Ugric)Omagua (Tupian)Ongota (Afro-Asiatic)Oriya (Indo-Aryan)Ormuri (Iranian)Oroch (Tungusic)Orok (Tungusic)Oromo or Afaan Oromoo (Cushitic)Oropom (unclassified) (extinct)Ossetic or Ossetian (Iranian)Ottoman Turkish (Turkic) (extinct)Main article: List of languages by name: P Páez or Nasa Yuwe (isolated)Palaic (Anatolian) (extinct)Palauan (Malayo-Polynesian)Pali (Indo-Aryan) (extinct)Pangasinan (Malayo-Polynesian)Papiamento or Papiamentu (Portuguese-based creole)Parachi (Iranian)Parauk (Austro-Asiatic)Parji or Duruwa (Dravidian)Parya (Indo-Aryan)Pashto or Pushto or Pashtu (Iranian)Passamaquoddy or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy or Malecite-Passamaquoddy (Algonquian)Pecheneg (Turkic) (extinct)Pemon or Pemong (Cariban)Pengo (Dravidian)Pennacook (Algonquian)Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German (Germanic)Pentlatch or Puntlatch (Salishan) (extinct)Persian or Farsi (Iranian)Phalura (Indo-Aryan)Phoenician (Semitic) (extinct)Phrygian (Indo-European) (extinct)Phuthi (Bantu)Picard (Romance)Pictish (Celtic) (extinct)Pirahã (Mura)Pisidian (Anatolian) (extinct)Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German (Germanic)Polabian (Slavic) (extinct)Polish (Slavic)Portuguese (Romance)Pothohari or Pahari-Potwari (Indo-Aryan)Potiguara (Tupian) (extinct)Pradhan or Pardhan (Dravidian)Prakrit (Indo-Aryan) (extinct)Proto-Indo-European (Indo-European) (extinct)Puelche (isolated)Puma (Tibeto-Burman)Punjabi or Panjabi or Gurmukhi (Indo-Aryan)QMain article: List of languages by name: Q Qashqai or Ghashghai (Turkic)Qatabanian (Semitic) (extinct)Quebec Sign Language (Signing)Quechua (Quechuan)RMain article: List of languages by name: R Rajasthani (Indo-Aryan)Ratagnon or Datagnon or Latagnun (Malayo-Polynesian)Réunion Creole or Bourbonnais (French-based creole)Romanian (Romance)Romansh or Rhaeto-Romance (Romance)Romany (Indo-Iranian)Romblomanon (Malayo-Polynesian)Rotokas (East Papuan)Runyankole language or Nyankore (Bantu)Russenorsk (Russian-Norwegian pidgin) (extinct)Russian (Slavic)Russian Sign Language (Signing)Ruthenian or Rusyn or Carpathian (Slavic)Main article: List of languages by name: S Sabaean (Semitic) (extinct)Salar (Turkic)Samaritan Hebrew (Semitic) (extinct)Samoan (Malayo-Polynesian)Sandawe (Khoisan)Sangisari or Sangesari (Iranian)Sanglechi-Ishkashimi (Iranian)Sango (Ngbandi-based creole)Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan) (liturgical language)Santali (Austro-Asiatic)Sara (Malayo-Polynesian)Saramaccan (English-based creole)Sardinian (Romance)Sarikoli (Iranian)Saurashtra or Sourashtra (Indo-Aryan)Savara (Dravidian)Savi (Indo-Aryan)Sawai (Malayo-Polynesian)Scots or Ulster Scots or Hiberno-Scots or Ullans (Germanic)Scots Gaelic or Scottish Gaelic or Gaidhlig or Gaelic (Celtic)Selangor Sign Language (Signing)Selkup or 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When was the beginning of cultivation of rice?
The plough in the Indus valley remained an enigma for a long time. D.D Kosambi assumed that the Indus people practiced neither canal irrigation nor ploughing and that was a culture without a plough.[1] The plough that the Aryans brought with them effected a change in the agricultural technology, he realized. Contrary to this, on the basis of new evidences, Romila Thapar observed that in the Indus valley, plough agriculture was practiced and that the non-Aryan knew the plough. The discovery of a ploughed field at Kalibanghan in northern Rajasthan, which dates back to the pre-Harappan, has confirmed that the food sufficiency of the Harappan period was owing to the plough agriculture. Romila Thapar has confirmed that, the more commonly used word for the plough in Vedic literature is of non-Aryan etymology. She nullified the suggestion that the Aryan speakers introduced the plough on the ground that the word for plough appeared in the non-Indo-Aryan languages at an early date, even as early as the pre-Harappan period.[2] The most frequently used word in Sanskrit for plough is langala. She says this word is of Munda origin and the word for rice Vrihi is also believed to be of Dravidian origin. Asko Parpola, who deciphered the script of the Indus valley civilization, has cited as example few Dravidian loan words in the Rg Veda such as phalam, mukham, and khala. "The Harappans used a plough, and the Rg Vedic word for 'plough', langala, is probably derived from proto-Dravidian nangol. There are examples of the replacement of Proto-Dravidian n- with 1- in Indo- Aryan, even if the etymon may ultimately go back to Austro-Asiatic."[3] Romila Thapar has pointed out the futile attempt made by J. Pokorny, to associate the Dravidian word nangol with the Indo- European leg/ leng. The word plough is not the original word in English. The author of The Dictionary of Word origins has traced its roots to Latin, Old Norse and prehistoric Germanic words. Finally he pointed his fingers to one of the ancient Indo-European languages of northern Italy. "The earliest record we have of the word being used for the characteristically shaped group of seven stars in Ursa Major is from early 16th century Scotland.',[4] John Ayto has pointed out that the word plough was originated from an Indo-European word that embraced the concept of Saptarshi. Saptarshi era begins after the expiry of 25 kali years, in 3076 BC, during pre- Aryan period.[5] Also called Lankita era, it is recorded in cycles of 100 years, each cycle commencing 76 years after each Christian century. It was in use in Kashmir and its neighbourhood during the visit of Alberuni in 11th century AD. The word that captured the meanings of both the plough and seven stars at the same time is nangol and it holds the key to this millennium old question that has evaded an answer so far. The word nangol is a word spoken in Nanchinadu[6] and the very place name came out of this crucial word from time immemorial. The regional variation of the word Nangol, nengo, nanchil is as given below. Nannol, nennol, nenelu the word for plough is known as follows: nennal, nennol, nennil, nennil, nennel, nenci, nennal, nennel, nennelu, nenel, nenelu inside Nanchinadu; and nancil, nancil, nancil (Tamil); negal, negil, negila (Kannada); nelg, nelg (Kota); nengil, nengi (Kudagu); nayenl, nayeru (Tulu); nagalil, nagelui, nagelu (Telugu); nangel (Gondi); nangel, (Kuwi); nangelli (Kuwi); nangar (Naiki); nangli, naneli (Kolami); nagil (Parsi); nangal, nangal (Gadaba); nangala (Pali); langala (Sanskrit); outside Nanchinadu[7]. These, words representing the regional variations of the word show the linguistic area covered by the word nangal on its onward march from/ outside Nanchinadu. There are several words in Malayalam which have changed its original form owing to the passage of time. But in the case of the word nangol it changed its original form owing to the change of tongue of differing regions. Nam means oxen. Kol means staff/ stick, i.e., the yoke, kept on the shoulders of the oxen. The combination of these words nam and kol transformed in to nangol. No wonder, the place in which the plough originated came to be known as Nanchinadu. The etymologists interpret the word as the country where there are several fields, the land that is tilled/ cultivated with the help of the plough and the land of the plough. These are the meaning attributed to the word Nanchinadu. We have seen that the word langala has been derived from the word nangol. The word nangol came from namkol. Nam+kol originated from the erstwhile Nanchinadu. For sustenance, the need to collect and store food materials was felt. That was the beginning of a cordial relationship between man and plants. Efforts in collecting grains might have lead to its propagation. Nature might have provided an opportunity to survive, without tilling the soil, by providing the early man from its own rice bowl. When they learned that they can domesticate rice, the nature gave them the opportunity on some lands, where there was no need to plough. The marshy soil (kazhi) provided them an opportunity to grow rice to meet their early requirements. When, availability of grain surpassed their requirements they might have pondered, as to how to meet the situation. On wetlands they might have tilled the soil with sticks and later with hoes. There after, they might have designed a hoe, which can be pulled by man like the plough drawn by the oxen. The cattle attracted by the straw of the paddy might have attracted the man too, thereby establishing an intimate relationship between them. This relationship enabled him to tame the animal to pull the yoke. With the emergence of yoke and the plough, rice output increased, followed by the growth of population. To meet the increasing demand, people might have started migrating to new sites to cultivate. This helped the plough to reach new areas and new people. On the onward march of the plough, it has left an indelible mark on their dialect. In the course of time the words indicating the agricultural implements changed from place to place accommodating the accent of the people who adapted to the new technology. If we examine the spirit of such words associated with agriculture on the opening scene of its origin, we can capture the time and reach the period as well as the site, as if on a time machine. The word nangol has offered such an opportunity to unravel the mystery of the origin of cultivated rice in India. Now we will see what the word has to tell further. Kanyakumari, of which Nanchinadu is a part, was known as Kazhi kudi once upon a time. Now this archaic word remains only in the corner of the Travancore Archeological Series.[8] Etymologically this word is as important as an archeological discovery, to give direction to our investigation. Here kazhi means mire, the handle of the hoe, and the yoke. Kudi means a province. The varying meaning attributed to the word really contains a snippet of history. The meaning contained in the word Kazhi kudi is reflected in the word Nanchinadu. The land on which agriculture was carried out was mire. There is no need for any implement to plough a marshy land. A long stick (kol) can be used for this to scratch the surface and sow the seed. But, with the passage of time, the people of Kazhikudi felt the shortage of marshy land owing to the increase in population. This might have induced the people either, to migrate to other marshy lands nearby or the fertile lands in the immediate vicinity, which cannot be tilled with the help of an ordinary stick. Here he invented the hoe, which served the purpose of a primitive plough, dragged by man himself. When the need to bring fresh land under cultivation was again felt, his yoke replaced the primitive plough (the hoe). This yoke need not be the one drawn by an animal. Necessarily man might have drawn this yoke, before the emergence of the plough. It seems that, with the passage of time, the word kazhi acquired meaning from mud, to handle of a hoe. Later on when the yoke was introduced the word kazhi embraced that meaning also. The meaning of this word captures time in progression. The peoples of Nanchinadu in ancient times might have cultivated the grain in the mire with a kol in the beginning later on with the help of a hoe, which can be dragged on the marshy soil with ease. Plough replaced this hoe, only at a later period. In a nutshell, this is the biography of the word Kazhikudi. History speaks that the people of Nanchinadu led a life rearing cattle. A group of people of that background alone can design a plough. Nanchinadu was famous for a variety of seeds. On the matter of the fertility of the soil too, Nanchinadu is unique even today. As such there cannot be any difference of opinion if one says that the origin of plough took place in this region. 1] DD.Kosambi, The culture and civilization of Ancient India, p.62.[2] Romila Thapar, Cultural Past, p.329[3] Asko Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script, 1994, P 186. 4 4 John Ayto, Dictionary of Word Origins, London, 1990, p400.[4] John Ayto, Dictionary of word Origin, London, 1990,p.400.[5] Dravidian Encyclopaedia, p.628.[6] Nanchinadu is the southern most part of India constituting the Tovala and Agastheeswaram taluks of the Kanyakumari district. When it was a part of the erstwhile Travancore state it was known as the granary of Travancore. After the state reorganization in 1956 it was merged with the TamilNadu state.[7] See also T.Burrow and M.B.Emeneau, A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, II edn, Clarendon Press, Oxford,1984, 2907.[8] Travancore Archeological Series. I, pp.163-168.
