Sono italiano is an Italian equivalent of 'I am an Italian'.
In the word by word translation, the verb 'sono' means '[I] am'. The masculine gender adjective 'italiano', used as a noun, means 'Italian'. The phrase is pronounced 'SOH-noh ee-tah-LYAH-noh'.
That's what's said when the speaker is male. The phrase becomes 'Sono italiana' in terms of a female. It's pronounced 'SOH-noh ee-tah-LYAH-nah'.
(Io sono un italiano)
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[Io] non parlo italiano is an Italian equivalent of 'I can't speak Italian'. In the word by word translation, the subject pronoun 'io' means 'I'. It doesn't have to be used, because it's obvious from the verb endings that the subject's the first person singular. The adverb 'non' means 'not'. The verb 'parlo' means '[I] am speaking, do speak, speak'. The masculine gender noun 'italiano' means 'Italian'. The phrase is pronounced '[EE-oh] nohn PAHR-loh ee-tah-LYAH-noh'.
A literal equivalent is '[Io] non posso parlare italiano'. The verbs 'posso' and 'parlare' mean '[I] can' and 'to speak'. But generally that would be said only when the speaker was physically incapable of speaking Italian.
Io non sono italiano is an Italian equivalent of 'I am not Italian'. The subject pronoun 'io' means 'I'. The adverb 'non' means 'not'. The verb 'sono' means '[I] am'. The masculine adjective/noun 'italiano' means 'Italian'. All together, they're pronounced 'EE-oh nohn SOH-noh ee-tah-LYAH-noh'.
That's what a non 'Italian' male says. There's a slight change for a non 'Italian' female. The word becomes 'italiana', which is pronounced 'ee-tah-LYAH-nah'.
Ciao! Mi chiamo... e sono italiana! in the feminine and Ciao! Mi chiamo... e sono italiano! in the masculine are Italian equivalents of the English phrase "Hello! My name is..., and I am Italian!" Context makes clear which form suits. The respective pronunciations will be "tchow mee KYA-mo ey SO-no EE-ta-LYA-na" in the feminine and "tchow mee KYA-mo ey SO-no EE-ta-LYA-no" in the masculine in Italian.