independent clause
a Simple Sentence
The adjective would be the number "one" (which might be called a determiner). The adverb is "alone" modifying the verb stands.
It is called a constant.
constant
The independent clauses are the ones that stand alone. They are the one that do not need any more sentence for them.
No, a complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. A sentence containing two independent clauses is called a compound sentence.
Either called a "term" or a "constant"
A steep-sided hill or mountain that stands alone and is usually smaller than a mesa is called a butte.
The Winner Stands Alone was created in 2008.
That is not actually a complete sentence. It is a dependent clause because it cannot stand alone. If you were to take off the subordinating conjunction "when," it could stand alone and would a sentence. The simple subject in that dependent clause is field.
The Winner Stands Alone has 375 pages.
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb. It need contain nothing else, though it may. If the verb is impersonal, it need not even contain a subject. 'It is snowing' is an independent clause consisting of a three-word impersonal verb formation and nothing else.