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What is the difference between universal grammar principles and universal grammar parameters?
Universal Grammar Principles are principles common to all human languages. However they cannot be formulated as syntax is specific to each language. These are innate in the native speaker as a cognitive process in the human brain (or as some claim- genetically inherited).
Examples of Principles of Universal Grammar can only be formulated as an artificial language for programming a set of syntactic rules.
It is generally accepted:
1. Every speaker has a concept morphemes (different in languages)
2. some languages share syntactic categories e.g. verbs and nouns(some do not share agreements)
3. Most languages form verb phrases (VP), merging verbs through selection and modification.
4. some languages use the operation Merge to form phrases and sentences.
5. some languages obey derivation affixes to roots in the following order: unproductive, productive affixes and compounding, then regular inflectional affixes-derivation cannot go back to a previous level once it has reached a higher one).
Universal Grammar Parameters are similar to the syntax parameters in any artificial language.
There are two different settings
1. the socio-historical linguistic envinronment that determines how the parameters are set for specific languages.
2.The machine language syntax
Examples of Parameters of Universal Grammar:(artificial languages)
1. Null-subject(Does the language allow sentences to have no pronounced subject or not?)
2. Head-initial vs. Head-final XP (Does the language place the heads of syntactic phrases in the initial or final position?--head-initial languages have prepositions; head final ones have postpositions)
3. Onset Clusters (Does the language allow clusters of consonants in the beginning of a syllable or not?)
4. Wh-movement or Wh-in situ (Does the language permit movement or Wh-words or not?)
5. Zero Morphology (Does the language allow bare roots to be well-formed words, or must all roots be bound to some affix?)
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What are all the universal grammar principles and parameters?
Grammar is specific for a language with its specific principles in syntactic structures to formulate a grammatical principle.Universal grammar does not exist unless one formulates universal artificial language with universal syntactic principles. The parameters of grammar are the agreement between the NP & VP along with the tense which again differs from one language to another. eg: certain Indo- Burma languages do not have finite verb.
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