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The answer is 20-25% so about ¾ of the chemical energy is wasted, i.e. not turned into kinetic energy of the car.

Engine efficiency is limited by the maximum temperature and pressure that a normal cylinder block can take. Diesel engines run at higher temperature/pressure and are more efficient but have to be more massively built.

Another form of wasted energy is the water produced by the burning action of the hydrogen in the fuel with oxygen from the air. It comes in the form of steam and the energy of the steam is wasted by being sent out through the exhaust pipe (you can see the water dripping out of the exhaust when the car is cold, because there is time for it to condense in the cold exhaust system).

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