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The two typical types of coal mines are tunnel mines, where the coal vein is dug out by tunneling into it, or "Open Pit" mines, where the coal and surrounding rock are dug out in a large pit and separated.

The type of mine used is often determined by the hardness of the surrounding rock, hard rock is often avoided and the coal tunneled out of it.

Soft rock or soil is more safely and easily handled with open pit mining. This often produces low grade waste known as "culm" which is poor quality carbon deposits.

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