if the donor consecration ( nd )is much larger than the intrinsic concentration( ni )then n0=nd when n0 is the thermal equilibrium concentration of free electron
so : nopo=ni2 (when p0 is the thermal equilibrium concentration of holes )
po=ni2/nd
do some basic math we got nd=ni2/po
A step graded junction is the pn junction in which impurity concentration does not change abruptly from donor to acceptor but varies smoothly
In step-graded the acceptor and donor concentrations in the semiconductor are constants up to the junction.In a linearly-graded junction, impurity concentration varies linearly with distance from the junction
compensated semiconductor...SEMICONDUCTORS WHICH CONTAIN BOTH DONOR AND ACCEPTOR DOPANT ATOMS IN SAME REGION IS CALLED COMPENSATED SEMICONDUCTOR.
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One term that defines an acid is that it has high concentration of H+ (Hydrogen ions). Another term that defines an acid is that it has a high concentration.
You cannot.
You need a graphic concentration versus absorbance.
Hydrochloric acid is HCl. It is a H plus (H^+) donor, and so adding it to water will INCREASE the H^+ concentration. Increasing the H^+ concentration results in a DECREASE in pH.
32mg/dl = brix
This is the concentration of the ion H+.
2B)
A step graded junction is the pn junction in which impurity concentration does not change abruptly from donor to acceptor but varies smoothly
How to work it out - Calculate the concentration of the solution in terms of molarity. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration from the fact that multiplying the hydrogen and hydroxide concentrations (in mols per litre) will always give 1x10-14. Take the -log10 of the hydrogen ion concentration.
Depending on its concentration you can calculate it by this formula: pH = -log[H3O+]
delta n /c
we can calculate it by the formula C X @ (ALPHA)