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1.Find the Fourier Transform of the pulse used to transmit data over the channel.
2.Determine the bitrate of the signal by the modulation format (QPSK for example has 2bits/symbol so 1 symbol per second would equate to 2 bits/s)
3.The first null in the Fourier transform is the required bandwidth (~0.75 x bitrate in optical communications, depends on channel)
4. Divide bits/s by the required bandwidth to find the spectral efficiency.
What else can I help you with?
How do you calculate European Efficiency Factor in Broiler performance?
(((avg body weight X 1000)X(100%-mor%))/(FCR actual X meanage)) X 10
What is the efficiency of a transformer?
The "all day" efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of energy out/energy in for a given all day cycle.
When is the efficiency maximum in a transformer?
the efficiency is maximum in a transformer when no load loss is equal to load loss.
What is the efficiency of a 172.5Watt heater which draws 2A from a domestic supply?
Heaters have an efficiency around 99%.
How do you calculate absorbed power for motors?
we can calculate power consumption of motor by multiplying voltage and current which motor is take.AnswerYou need to know its rated power (i.e. its output power) and its full-load efficiency, from which you can calculate its input power.
What is the disadvantage of dpsk?
Less spectral efficiency because the first symbol is only used only for reference.
What Spectral efficiency means related to GMSK in GSM?
0.17 bit/s per Hertz per sector
How do you calculate the efficiency of the car?
check here http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-calculate-cars-fuel-efficiency-mpg-084812/
How do you calculate the efficiency of vapour absorption machine?
how to calculate the vapour absorption mechine efficiency and per TR steam consumption
How can you calculate efficiency?
b**ch
What is the formula to calculate the thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle engine?
The formula to calculate the thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle engine is: Thermal Efficiency 1 - (1 / compression ratio)
What are the advantages of using the spectral element method in computational fluid dynamics simulations?
The spectral element method offers advantages in computational fluid dynamics simulations due to its ability to accurately capture complex flow phenomena with high precision and efficiency. This method combines the benefits of spectral accuracy with the flexibility of element-based methods, allowing for better resolution of flow features and improved computational efficiency compared to traditional methods.
What is used to calculate mechanical efficiency?
work
How you can calculate HRSG efficiency?
b**ch
How do you calculate 1050 miles in gas price for a trip?
You need to know the fuel efficiency of the vehicle when you are driving (driving styles do make a difference).Use the fuel efficiency to calculate the amount of gas you will need and then use the gas price to calculate the cost of fuel.You need to know the fuel efficiency of the vehicle when you are driving (driving styles do make a difference).Use the fuel efficiency to calculate the amount of gas you will need and then use the gas price to calculate the cost of fuel.You need to know the fuel efficiency of the vehicle when you are driving (driving styles do make a difference).Use the fuel efficiency to calculate the amount of gas you will need and then use the gas price to calculate the cost of fuel.You need to know the fuel efficiency of the vehicle when you are driving (driving styles do make a difference).Use the fuel efficiency to calculate the amount of gas you will need and then use the gas price to calculate the cost of fuel.
What is the equation to calculate energy efficiency?
Energy efficiency is typically calculated as the ratio of useful energy output to total energy input. The equation to calculate energy efficiency is: Energy Efficiency = (Useful Energy Output / Total Energy Input) x 100%.
Calculate indirect labor efficiency?
There are different ways to calculate labor efficiency, I normally use "total hours paid divided by total yielded productivity" This will give u an idea of the gap in efficiency. Thanks, Farhan
