An electroretinogram (ERG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimuli. It involves placing small electrodes on the surface of the eye to record the responses of photoreceptors and other retinal cells. The ERG is useful in assessing retinal health and function, particularly in diagnosing conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and other retinal disorders. It helps clinicians evaluate the integrity of the retina and the overall visual pathway.