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Part I:DC Motor principles pg 1
Part I: Principles of DC Drive Control
Learning Objectives:
* to learn the basic characteristics of DC motors and their control parameters
* to understand the various operating modes
DCmotors and their representation:
The basic principle of a DCmotor is the production of a torque as a result of the flux interaction
between a "field" produced on the STATOR (either produced by a permanent magnet, or a field
winding) and the current circulating in the "armature" windings on the ROTOR. In order to produce
a torque of constant sign, the armature winding loops are connected to a set of "brushes" which
commutate the current appropriately in each loop according to their geometric position. The
commutator is a MECHANICAL RECTIFIER.
Note that reversal of either the field current or the
armature current results in a torque in the opposite
direction. However, reversal of both fields does
not change the torque direction, hence it can be
used as a "universal motor" with DC or AC feed
if both windings are in series.
Basic Equations of a DC Machine:
Steady state conditions (assume all time
varying quantities have a constant average value)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
P T developed power
T K I I A B T electrical torque
V R I E R I K I armature voltage
E K I Counter emf or Back EMF
V R I fieldwinding
d e
e t f a load
a a a a a v f
v f
f f f
w
w
w
w
=
= = + +
= + = +
=
=
(The back emf assumes that the magnetizing characteristic, E(If) is linear)
Speed control:
we can extract:
v f
a a a
K I
V - R I
w = and one can control the speed with
1) Va "Voltage Control"
2) If "Field Control"
3) Ia (with If fixed) "Demand Torque"
In practice, for speeds less than the base speed (rated), the armature current and field currents
aremaintained at fixed values (hence constant torque operation), and the armature voltage controls
the speed. For speeds higher than the base speed, the armature voltage is maintained at rated value,
and the field current is varied to control the speed (note the hyperbolic characteristic). However,
N
+V
(free
wheeling
diode)
Armature
Current
(Rf, Lf)
(La, Ra)
Eo
Rfc
Field
Control
Resistor
Fig 1: DC Motor
Part I:DC Motor principles pg 2
this way the power developed Pd is maintained constant. This mode is referred to as "field weakening"
operation.
Case of Series Motor (or Universal Motor)
In this case the field winding is series with the armature winding, hence If and Ia are equal. This
leads to:
v a
a a f a
K I
V - (R + R )I
w =
One can either control the armature voltage (Voltage Control), or the armature current (Current
Control) which is a measure of the torque control.
Td , Pd
Torque
Power
constant torque constant power
speed
Ia
If
Fig 2: Control Modes
Torque
Power
constant torque constant power
speed
Td
Ia
Fig 3: DC Series Motor Control
Part I:DC Motor principles pg 3
OperatingModes of DCMotors:
Motoring:
The back emf E < Va
both Ia and If are positive. The motor
develops a torque to meet the load
torque.
Dynamic Breaking:
The voltage source is removed, and the armature is shorted.
The kinetic energy stored in the rotor of the motor is dissipated in
the armature resistance since the machine now works as a generator.
Note here that theoretically, since the armature voltage is
proportional to the speed, the motor would never stop... but in fact
because there is also friction and viscous friction (windage), the
motor will stop as soon as the speed is at a certain low value.
Regenerative Breaking:
The back emf E > Va , the machine acts as a generator, and
the armature current flows towards the source, hence energy stored in
the machine rotor is fed back to the source. Note however that this
will cause the machine to slow down usually until E=Va and then
revert to mode 1.
Plugging:
Plugging iswhen the field current is reversed, hence the back emf changes sign, and the equation
of the machine becomes:
a a a V = -E - R I hence
a
a
a R
I V E +
= which means a very high torque generated in
the opposite direction of rotation. Avery powerful breaking takes place. However it must be noted
that the armature has to be opened as soon as the motor reaches zero speed, otherwise it will start
rotating in the opposite direction.
N
+Va
Rfc
(La, Ra)
E
Ia
(Rf, Lf) +Vf
If
Fig 4: Motoring Forward
Tem
w
rated torque
V1
V2 V3 V2
Tload
FIG 5 torque speed
V2
N
+Va
Rfc
(La, Ra)
E
(Rf, Lf) +Vf
Fig 6: Dynamic Breaking
+
Ia
R
V2
N
+Va
Rfc
(La, Ra)
E
(Rf, Lf) +Vf
Fig 7: Regenerative Breaking
+
Ia
Part I:DC Motor principles pg 4
Two Transistor control of regenerative operation
When the main switch opens, the armature current I(a1) has to be dissipated through the
freewheeling diode.
Then if one closes switch T1, the
machine behaves as a generator with the
energy stored in its inertia. Therefore the
armature current I(a2)will start flowing and
follws I(1). After a certain time one opens
the switch T1, and the current I(a2) has to
be redirected via diode D2 back to the source
with I(2). This is because of the inductance
of the machine acts as an emf restoring the
flux stored in the magnetic field.
Then one closes T1 again and so on.
The chopping rate of switch T1 can be
set in order to control the average current
(Ia2), usually 1.5 times rated value. This is
possible only if the speed is fast enough to
provide terminal voltage. When the emf E
reaches E=Ra.I(rated), the switch T1 remains closed for
maximum breaking possible with the given emf.
Four Quadrant Operation:
Figure 8 summarizes the modes of operation in a four quadrant representation.
Torque
Speed
Forward
MOTORING
Forward
BREAKING
Reverse
BREAKING
Reverse
MOTORING
Fig 8: 4 quadrant operation
V2
N
+Va
(La, Ra)
E
Fig 7: Regenerative Control
+
T1
i2
i1
ia1
ia2
average
Ia
A DC shunt motor is a motor using DC supply with the the inductor connected parallel to the armature.
6V dc motor
A dc series motor can work on dc and ac because dc motors are totally reversible.
To state it simply, a DC brushless motor is not a DC motor. It is an AC motor with an inverter (or electronic commutator) on the front end to make the AC, so you can use a DC input.
dc series motor is used for traction...
Almost all the electro-mechanical movements we see around us are caused either by an A.C. or a DC motor. Here we will be exploring this kind of motors. This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical energy.Principle of DC MotorThis DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a mgnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When mgnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor established.
Metro Motoring Motor Scooter
A DC shunt motor is a motor using DC supply with the the inductor connected parallel to the armature.
6V dc motor
A synchronous motor is an ac motor that does not run on dc.
Yes it can and the otherway aroud a DC motor can be used as a dynamo
A dc series motor can work on dc and ac because dc motors are totally reversible.
To state it simply, a DC brushless motor is not a DC motor. It is an AC motor with an inverter (or electronic commutator) on the front end to make the AC, so you can use a DC input.
the three phase dc motor never seen yet motor eaither 3phase m/r or dc motor.
dc series motor is used for traction...
Yes. You can "Meg" any motor, AC or DC.
what are the advanced applications of dc series motor