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This is a fairly in-depth question, as there are a a lot of technical reasons one might prefer singe-supply over dual-supply, but a general, fairly universal reason is that very often available supply voltages don't go below ground (zero). There are some intrinsic properties in dual-supply op amps that may improve your circuit, but honestly you'd have to compare specs (data sheets) side by side to really see whether they make a difference.

A couple of items to note: you can use a dual-supply op amp as a single supply. You simple connect the low-side to ground instead of a negative voltage. Some op amps, however, are internally configured to not be able to accept a low-side supply voltage that goes much below zero. Connecting a negative voltage to the low side can actually damage or destroy the op amp IC. That is a strong disadvantage of a single-supply op amp. Another disadvantage, in terms of circuit configurations, is that a single supply op amp is really only meant for DC input, non-inverting configurations. This means that, without some fancy circuitry, you won't be able to amplify a zero-crossing signal like a sine wave or other waveform that goes below zero.

One thing single-supply op amps do well is to act like an open-loop comparator or closed loop buffer. They can be fairly inexpensive (if that's really an issue, where you'd be comparing pennies) and can have reduced pin counts on their packages (though IC packages are usually of some standard form).

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Difference between instrumentation and operational amplifiers?

An instrumentation amplifier is made out of 2 or 3 operational amplifiers.


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You want an amplifier to reject common mode signals (the same signal applied to both inputs of a differential amplifier) because:it is generally noise, which sounds like staticit can cause drift in the amplifier eventually saturating it, causing clipping distortionBTW, single ended input amplifiers by definition have a CMRR of zero.


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Lots of things can be amplifiers. They can be as simple as a single transistor. Picking an amplifier requires a bit of system knowledge. What's the signal to be amplified? What is the output delivered to? Should the "DC" bias levels be decoupled? Here's an example: An audio amplifier is typically a voltage-in, power-out device. So, the input should have high impedance, while the output has low impedance. The device should be powerful enough to handle large currents and power levels. A radio-frequency amplifier is typically power-in, power-out (with impedances matched to 50 Ohms to avoid signal reflection). A typical blood glucose sensor typically has a current output. So, connecting it to a microcontroller and displaying the result would require a current-to-voltage amplifier. For most of these applications, it is possible to adapt an operational amplifier to create the desired amplification (trans-impedance, trans-conductance, etc.). Sometimes, when higher performance is required, it's necessary to build a circuit using OTA's (operational transconductance amplifiers) and transistors (common-source, common-emitter, common-base, mirrors, folded cascodes, etc). It's usually easier to find a special-purpose one to buy (e.g., buy an audio amp, or a RF amp, or an instrumentation amp, etc from Digikey). Hope this helps!


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A 3 phase system needs only to use 3 or 4 conductors, as against 6 conductors if it were 3, single phase conductors The amount of copper used in a 3 phase is much less than what would be needed in a single phase system carrying the same current, this reduction in copper allows for weight reduction and cost savings. The power losses in a 3 phase system are much less than in a single phase system.


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PPM is a type of pulse modulation where messages are sent using single pulses. PWM is a type of modulation which conforms to the pulse. PAM is a type of modulation in which the information is encoded into a series of pulses.

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