Which component requires a constant electrical charge and a periodic refresh of the circuits?

Answer 1

While your question is unclear and shows that you are somewhat confused, I believe you are probably asking about Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices. These devices store data as electrical charge in billions or trillions of microscopic capacitors. Because no insulator is perfect the charge in these capacitors slowly leaks off, meaning to avoid losing the date the memory must be refreshed by periodically reading every capacitor and writing it back.

I have no idea what you were thinking when you wrote "requires a constant electrical charge" as the charge on the capacitors when they need to be refreshed may be half or less of the charge on the capacitors when they were first written or after they have been refreshed. The charge on the capacitors is never constant, which is the reason they need refreshing in the first place.

The first Dynamic Memory was built in 1941 by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, it used capacitors but was not randomly accessible. It had a storage capacity of sixty 50 bit signed binary words and was refreshed once per second.

Later Dynamic Memories included delay line memories (both mechanical and electrical) and CRT DRAM that stored the charge as tiny spots on the inside face of the vacuum tube.

Answer 2

gPU