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There have been five major mass extinctions in Earth's history, known as the "Big Five." These events significantly altered biodiversity and led to the extinction of a large percentage of species. The most well-known of these is the Permian-Triassic extinction, which occurred around 252 million years ago and is believed to have eliminated about 90% of marine species. The most recent mass extinction, the Cretaceous-Paleogene event, occurred approximately 66 million years ago, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

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