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- In the 19th century Hawaiian monk seals were clubbed to death by whalers and sealers for meat, oil and skin.

- U.S. forces hunted them during World War II while occupying Laysan Island and Midway.

- Predation by sharks, such as the tiger shark, reduced pup survival.

- As a result of human disturbance, ciguatera poisoning, high male to female ratios during breeding season, and entanglement in fishing nets and debris have killed many of the species.

- In the northeastern Hawaiian islands, starvation is a serious problem. Lobsters, the seal's preferred food other than fish, are overly hunted and competition from other predators such as sharks, jacks and barrucudas leaves little left over for developing pups.

- In areas where male seals outnumber females, several males can compete for a single female, often accidentally killing the female. Females of any age can become targets, including pups.

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