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Convert n to a binary value, then set the next most significant bit.

For instance, if there are 7 non-leaves, this equates to 00000111 in binary. Each bit tells us how many non-leaves exist in each level, where the least-significant bit (bit 0) represents the root node and the most-significant bit (bit 2) represents the lowest level. Thus we have 1+2+4=7 non-leaf nodes in total. The next most-significant bit (bit 3) represents the leaf nodes and if we set that bit we get 00001111, which is 15 decimal. Thus there are 15 nodes in total.

We can visualise this binary tree using hexadecimal notation:

1

2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 a b c d e f

(Note: 0xf = 15 decimal).

Using binary notation, we get the following:

1st level (bit 0) = 00000001 = 1 non-leaf node (the root)

2nd level (bit 1) = 00000010 = 2 non-leaf nodes

3rd level (bit 2) = 00000100 = 4 non-leaf nodes

4th level (bit 3) = 00001000 = 8 leaf nodes

Thus we get:

00000001+00000010+00000100+00001000=00001111

Or, in decimal:

1+2+4+8=15

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