What we typically call a "jet" is simply a plane with a jet engine as opposed to a propeller.
There are four common types of 'jet' engine:
1) turbojets - rare, first-generation, short range/high specific fuel consumption
2) turbofans - the standard on airliners-a jet drives a ducted fan that acts like a propeller
3) turboprop - a turbine engine coupled to a propeller
4) turboshaft - a turbine engine coupled to a transmission, typically in a helicopter but also used in large stationary pumps and generators
The only significant difference between 3) and 4) is the application. The Pratt & Whitney PT-6 and PT-6T are ubiquitous engines that is used in both applications...same for the Rolls-Royce (Allison) 250 series.
Depending on the aircraft, the wings can be made of Steel (Only older planes), Wood (REALLY old planes), Aluminum (Common today), Or Carbon Fiber (used in Military jets)
Many current jets have their engines on the wings instead of at the tail. Some older passenger planes (L-1011 Tristar, DC-10, MD-11) had engines in both locations. The planes that have only tail jets are the MD-80 and the older Boeing 727 and DC-9. The small exhaust ports on some passenger aircraft are from auxiliary power units (APU's), which are small turbine generators that provide power independently of the main engines. You can see these on small Lear jets as well as on huge 747's. (photo at related link)
No. Planes fly horizontally, but the concept of horizontal depends on the direction of gravity. Gravity pulls towards the center of the Earth, so "down" at the poles is the same as "down" at the equator, i.e. towards the center of the Earth.
No, planes don't have catalytic converters.
Bedding planes are found exclusively in sedimentary rock. Joints are more common in igneous rock, but can be found in sedimentary rock as well. Igneous rock can never have bedding planes, but does have pseudo-bedding planes.
Yes, jets are planes but jets are mostly known as supersonic planes.
jets
Commercial jets do. Military jets normally land on military airports/airfields. An example for such an airport is Edwards Air Force Base.
All collective nouns are common nouns.There is no collective nouns specifically for jet planes, however the collective nouns for planes can be used; they are:a fleet of planes (a fleet of jet planes)a squadron of planes (a squadron of jet planes)a stack of planes (a stack of jet planes)
Jets do, not prop planes.
Yes, battlefield 4 has stealth jets and jets.
Stratosphere and Troposphere
ufos, planes, jets....
pocket jets
Planes powered by internal combustion engines came first.
Military aircraft( combat planes/fighter jets/combat jets/fighter aircraft/combat aircraft). Military planes are airplanes that can carry weapons.
"Jumbo jets" are planes that are bigger than normal airliners. The 747 and the A380 would be jumbo jets. A 767 is a normal airliner, so no it's not a jumbo jet.