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In construction, foundations are primarily classified into shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations, such as spread footings and slab-on-grade, are used when the soil near the surface has sufficient bearing capacity. Deep foundations, including piles and caissons, are utilized when surface soils are weak or when structures require greater stability, transferring loads to deeper, more stable soil layers. The choice of foundation type depends on factors like soil conditions, load requirements, and the structure's design.

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