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Parse trees (also known as Concrete Syntax Trees) contain every token of the input as a leaf, and the interior nodes are nonterminals in the grammar used to parse.

Abstract Syntax Trees omit much of the detail that would be present in a CST. There are still leaf nodes when the associated tokens are information-bearing (such as identifiers and literals), but, for example, keywords and punctuation are not present in an AST. The interior nodes represent language constructs as defined by the grammar. An AST for an "if" statement (for example) would consist of one node to represent the "if" construct, and two or three subtrees, one for the "if" condition and another one or two for the "the" and optional "else" parts. The CST for such a construct would also contain the "if"/"then"/"else" keywords, such that you could walk the tree to obtain the original token sequence.

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What is parsing in compiler?

Parsing in a compiler is the process of analyzing a sequence of tokens generated by the lexical analysis phase to determine its grammatical structure according to a given formal grammar. This involves constructing a parse tree or abstract syntax tree (AST), which represents the hierarchical syntactic structure of the source code. The parser checks for syntax errors and organizes the input into a format that can be further processed by the compiler's subsequent phases, such as semantic analysis and code generation.


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A tree is a connected graph in which only 1 path exist between any two vertices of the graph i.e. if the graph has no cycles. A spanning tree of a connected graph G is a tree which includes all the vertices of the graph G.There can be more than one spanning tree for a connected graph G.


What is syntax anlyzer?

In computer science and linguistics, parsing, or, more formally, syntactic analysis, is the process of analyzing a text, made of a sequence of tokens (for example, words), to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a given (more or less) formal grammar.Parsing is also an earlier term for the diagramming of sentences of natural languages, and is still used for the diagramming of inflected languages, such as the Romance languages or Latin. The term parsing comes from Latin pars (ōrātiōnis), meaning part (of speech).In computing, a parser is one of the components in an interpreter or compiler, which checks for correct syntax and builds a data structure (often some kind of parse tree, abstract syntax tree or other hierarchical structure) implicit in the input tokens. The parser often uses a separate lexical analyser to create tokens from the sequence of input characters. Parsers may be programmed by hand or may be (semi-)automatically generated (in some programming languages) by a tool (such as Yacc) from a grammar written in Backus-Naur form.


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| Feature | AVL Tree | Binary Search Tree (BST) | |------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------------| | Balance | Always balanced (height difference ≤ 1) | Not necessarily balanced | | Rotations | Requires rotations after insertions/deletions | No rotations needed | | Search Time Complexity | O(log n) due to balance | O(n) in the worst case (unbalanced) | | Use Case | Suitable for frequent insertions/deletions | Simpler structure, easier to implement for static datasets |

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