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Wire is made of metal which conducts electricity. Run a pair wires a fair distance and put a voltage on it, (say from a battery) at one end. The voltage can be detected at the other end. Now, if we can make the voltage vary in time with the vibrations from our voice, the same variations can be detected at the other end. In the early days the voltage was changed by running the voltage through a carbon microphone. The sound pressure waves on a diaphragm compresses the carbon and alters the resistance and hence the voltage on the wire. Now we need a way to turn this varying voltage back into sound. This was done using an electromagnet. At the receiving end the wires are connected to a fine wire wrapped around an iron pole. The varying magnetic force can be used to attract a metal disc, which as it moves also moves the air and sound is heard.
This of course is an over simplification. The success is in the fine tuning of the device at each end, to do the job effectively and make it work. These days electronics is used to amplify the signal, make it louder, clearer and travel further. Sensitive mirophones are used to pick up the slightest sound, with the aid of more electronics.

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