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Because of the wave nature of electromagnetic waves, it's impossible to radiate

them from a 'launching structure' that has finite dimensions, and expect them

not to spread wider as they proceed over a great distance. So we must picture

any electromagnetic transmission ... whether it's light, radio, radar, microwave,

X-ray, etc. ... as a cone of energy as it proceeds from the transmitter, beginning

with a small cross-section as it leaves the launcher, and growing wider and wider

as it proceeds.

Realizing this, we now have a constant, fixed amount of power, propagating

across a surface area that gets bigger and bigger as we move farther and

farther from the source. So for a receiving antenna of any given size, it makes

sense that the farther the receiver is from the source, the less signal power

it's able to intercept, since that power is spread over a progressively larger

area as the distance increases.

People will also hasten to mention that there are many things all around in

the natural environment that absorb power from the signal, such as trees,

buildings, atmosphere, rain, clouds, soil, etc. They are correct, but these losses

are only a very small part of the weakening of microwave signals with distance.

By far the greatest factor is the geometric spreading with distance, described

above.

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