To calculate the minimum bandwidth required for a Phase Shift Keying (PSK) signal, you can use the formula: ( B = \frac{R}{2} ) for binary PSK (BPSK), where ( B ) is the bandwidth and ( R ) is the data rate in bits per second. For higher-order PSK, such as QPSK or 8-PSK, the bandwidth can be calculated as ( B = \frac{R}{k} ), where ( k ) is the number of bits per symbol. Additionally, considering the required filtering and the Nyquist bandwidth, the actual bandwidth may be slightly wider to accommodate spectral shaping.
To calculate the percent signal from a given current, you typically need a reference value, often the maximum current for a 100% signal. Assuming a common reference maximum of 20 mA (used in many industrial applications), you can calculate the percent signal as follows: [ \text{Percent Signal} = \left( \frac{11.3 , \text{mA}}{20 , \text{mA}} \right) \times 100 = 56.5% ] Thus, an 11.3 mA signal corresponds to approximately 56.5%.
A 20Hz signal must be sampled at a minimum of 40Hz to have a chance of sampling both peaks and to get a reasonable representation it must be sampled at a minimum of 100Hz.For a sampling rate of 30Hz the Nyquist frequency is 15Hz and since 20Hz is above that it will generate the alias signal of 10Hz in the sampled data instead of the original signal of 20Hz. Therefore it is not possible to do what you ask.
to calculate and measure the impedance ,admittance is simple
By using IS code(456-2000) for reinforced cement concrete.
The minimum detectable signal in a radar system is the weakest signal that the system can detect reliably against background noise. It is determined by the receiver's sensitivity and the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. A lower minimum detectable signal indicates that the radar system can detect weaker signals.
A sinusoidal signal.
no
The correct spelling is discernible instead of discernable. Discernible means to be perceptible or noticeable. It means being visible or recognizable.
minimum is less
by broadcasting a radio signal. The signal is picked up by a minimum of 3 satellites, which by triangulation can determine where the signal is coming from.
Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel of 3000hz and signal to noise ratio of 3162?
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It can be calculated by simplifying the ratio between power of signal by power of noise
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To calculate the minimum bandwidth required for a Phase Shift Keying (PSK) signal, you can use the formula: ( B = \frac{R}{2} ) for binary PSK (BPSK), where ( B ) is the bandwidth and ( R ) is the data rate in bits per second. For higher-order PSK, such as QPSK or 8-PSK, the bandwidth can be calculated as ( B = \frac{R}{k} ), where ( k ) is the number of bits per symbol. Additionally, considering the required filtering and the Nyquist bandwidth, the actual bandwidth may be slightly wider to accommodate spectral shaping.
Because as it is equivalent to FSK with lowest modulation index "h" , such that the signal elements are still orthogonal,