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an anomaly in the reflectogram can be caused by necking if the curve deflects first in the direction of the hammer blow, and then in the opposite direction before returning to normal. in the European usage, the hammer blow is plotted downwards. thus a necking in the pile causes the reflectogram to deflect first downwards and then upwards. if the anomaly is in the upper half of the pile, it can repeat itself one or more times, depending on the pile profile and soil properties. all consequent reflections will have the same characteristics as the first one - downward and then upward.

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