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To duplicate, viruses insert their genetic material into a host cell along with enzymes. The host cell's internal replication machinery is hijacked, and the cell begins producing the proteins to make new viruses.

In genetic engineering, the viral DNA is changed (through a variety of techniques) to include the altered genetic material that is intended to change or replace pieces of the host's genome. It also usually includes a "repair protein" that keeps it from killing the host cell.

Special receptors on the surface of the virus allow it to attach to the appropriate cells (for instance certain adeno-associated viruses can insert information specifically into chromosome 19), and the modified DNA is introduced via the usual method of viral reproduction. Instead of replicating new copies of the virus, the cells begin to copy the new genetic material, which then is incorporated into the host's genome.

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