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In creating hemodialysis dialyzers, either a countercurrent or cocurrent flow can be used between the unfiltered blood and the dialysate used to clean the blood. Using a differential material balance (fluid mechanics) on the fluid and solute entering and leaving the device, the molar flow rate of the blood into the dialysate can be calculated.
Without showing the math behind it, countercurrent flow if more efficient at cleaning the blood than cocurrent flow in a hemodialysis dialyzer. The reason for this is because the countercurrent flow allows the outlet concentration of the dialysate to exceed the outlet concentration of the blood, and approach the inlet concentration of the blood. With cocurrent flow, the exit concentration of the dialysate is slightly less than the outlet concentration of the blood, but much less than the inlet concentration.
Physically speaking, countercurrent flow optimizes the concentration gradient throughout the length that the dialysate and blood are flowing next to one another. This causes more urea to diffuse through the membrane within this length, allowing the blood to be cleaned faster than cocurrent flow.
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What is a traditional flood control method used to keep a stream and acirc and 128 and 153s flow in its channel artificial levees meanders artificial cutoffs dams?
A traditional flood control method used to keep a stream's flow in its channel is the construction of artificial levees. These raised embankments are built alongside rivers or streams to prevent overflow during heavy rainfall or flooding. By confining the water within the levees, they help direct the flow and protect surrounding areas from flood damage. Other methods, such as dams, can also regulate water flow, but levees specifically aim to contain riverbanks.
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