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One type of diode, the zener, is designed to break down at a specific voltage and conduct heavily when reverse-biased. The zener is normally used as a shunt regulator in series with a fixed resistance. When the reverse breakdown voltage is reached, the zener conducts, and the resulting current flow through the resistance causes a voltage drop across the resistor, lowering (and regulating) the voltage output.

The regulation, while not super accurate and also having a temperature coefficient, is still sufficient for many purposes.

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The output voltage from a PC power supply are?

Generally, there will be a 12+ volt rail, a 5+ volt rail and often a 3+ volt rail.


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Same as dual rail : some form of power turns the wheels that hold the train up. It's just that you can design a monorail with side curtains that hide the wheels from view.


What is the advantage of using the centre tapped full wave rectifier?

By using a center tap, with the tap connected to ground you can use one winding for the positive AC swing and the other winding (both relative to the center-tap) for the negative swing. Thus, when the secondary windings can be connected to the AC inputs of a full-wave-bridge rectifier to harvest a bi-polar DC power source. i.e. - a positive DC voltage 'rail' AND a negative DC voltage rail, say for example you have a 24VAC center tapped secondary of a 110VAC transformer. With a full-wave bridge, the center tap becomes the circuit 'ground' (aka 'return') in a DC circuit.


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The following describes a method for using the Power Recorder to monitor and log the ripple voltage on a direct rectified DC power rail. # Set the Recorder to "Split Single Phase" # Connect N & G to the DC rail negative # Connect A to any mains input phase # Connect B to the DC rail positive


Why op amp circuit without negative feedback so unstable?

I f an amplifier has a great gain lets say 1000 and the power supply is 10 v then 10 mv will saturate the amplifier to either rail some amps has 10mv just in offset voltage

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