The base of the nucleotides
The three components of DNA are phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen base. A DNA strand looks like a ladder. The "sides" of the ladder are made up by the phosphates and deoxyribose sugars the "steps" are the nitrogen bases.
AnswerThe "twisted ladder" shape of DNA is called a double helix.
All living organisms have DNA. They differ subtly, but are about 99% similar.
I believe there is only one form of DNA. There are numerous forms of RNA. The least common RNA molecule is tRNA as it is stimulated by the protein synthesis cycle and is only produced at certain times.
A mutation is any change to a strand of DNA which is passed on to an organism's offspring.DNA mutations are caused usually by chemical interactions or radiation (natural and manmade), and most are harmless.The only ones which cause serious defects (that I know of) are changes to sperm or egg cells, stem cells (which might ultimately be responsible for the DNA and development of an entire region of your anatomy) and changes which cause cancer.If a fetus or embryo is exposed to intense radiation, they will be at high-risk for harmful genetic mutations because their body is still developing, whereas an adult will be relatively immune since most of the time if a strand of DNA in a cell is damaged the cell just dies and is replaced.
Nucleotides form a rung in the DNA ladder. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base. Two nucleotides pair up through hydrogen bonds to connect the two strands of DNA in a double helix structure.
Each rung of the DNA double helix is made up of a pair of nitrogenous bases (adenine-thymine or guanine-cytosine). The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules. Hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogenous bases of the rungs together, creating the structure of the DNA double helix.
The rungs that are in the DNA ladder molecule are nucleotides. They are adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. Deoxyribose and phosphate make up the backbone of the molecule.
Phosphates and Sugars formthe sides of the DNA ladder~
In you ladder analogy it would be the rungs. About half is each rung is one base (the other half being is pair obviously)
The nitrogen bases of DNA pair up according to specific base-pairing rules: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). This base pairing forms the rungs of the DNA ladder structure, with hydrogen bonds holding the pairs together.
The rungs of the ladder in a DNA molecule are made up of nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) that pair up with each other through hydrogen bonds. This base pairing forms the genetic code that carries the instructions for an organism's development and functioning. The sequence of these bases determines the genetic information stored in the DNA molecule.
what are 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder
No, the order of half-rung bases is complementary but not identical from top to bottom on each side of a DNA ladder. This means that adenine pairs with thymine on one side and guanine pairs with cytosine on the other side in a specific order, forming the characteristic double helix structure of DNA.
Sugar used in the DNA ladder is a five carbon sugar known as deoxyribose.
The four nitrogen bases, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Adenine. Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines and Guanine and Adenine are purines. Thymine bonds with Adenine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine.
DNA (standing for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)