Monitor
Yes. User-level language is a high-level language because it requires a high degree of abstraction between the language and the machine code emitted by the language. Even a graphical user interface (GUI) can be considered a high-level language because it (can) allow users to indirectly interact with the machine's low-level facilities. Conversely, machine-level languages are low-level languages because there is little to no abstraction between the language and the resultant machine code. Note that the only language actually understood by the machine is its own native machine code (every machine type has its own variant of machine code). Both high-level and low-level languages allow users to create machine code. Low-level languages give the programmer (the user) near absolute control over the machine whereas high-level languages tend to limit the amount of control. There is no real distinction between the various high-level languages and the amount of low-level control the user has within them, it's merely a general term that implies there is a high degree of abstraction involved. Although the programmer has less control over the machine code, the machine code produced by high level language compilers can be just as good if not better than hand-crafted assembly instructions. This is because modern compilers can analyse vast amounts of source code much more quickly than any human and can therefore produce more optimal code. Languages such as C++ are specifically designed such that programmers will very rarely need to resort to low-level code such as inline assembly.
Symbolic languages have a near 1:1 relationship with the resultant machine code, thus the translation from source code to machine code is extremely trivial. For instance, the move instruction maps to several operation codes (opcodes) depending on whether the source and destination are working memory addresses or register addresses. However, there is no need to map each opcode to a separate mnemonic because the assembler can deduce the exact opcode from the operands alone. Thus all moves can be symbolised with a MOV mnemonic. So aside from choosing between opcode variants, translation from source code to machine code is relatively simple to program. High-level languages have a higher degree of abstraction than symbolic languages (which is what we mean by high-level). A single high-level statement may generate many dozens of low-level instructions thus translation from source to machine code is far from trivial. However, programs don't need to be written in minute detail because the compiler handles all the machine-level details, many of which are highly repetitive (move values into registers, perform an operation upon those registers, act upon the result, rinse and repeat). This allows the programmer to express his ideas in code more freely.
The most basic difference is that the statements in a low level language can be directly mapped to processor instructions, while a single statement in a high level language may execute dozens of instructions. Low level refers to the fact that this is a machine language, binary in form, generally meaning one low level command = one executed instruction. The complexity arises when we need to enable a programmer to designate one high level instruction that performs several or many machine (low level) operations. Low Level Languages: Assembler and Advanced Assembler - see Compiler Languages. High Level Languages: RPG, COBOL, any that make machine level programming of a computer easier.
a) The LLL is machine oriented and the HLL is problem oriented. b) The LLL is machine dependent but the HLL isn't. c) The HLL is much more user friendly than the LLL. d) The LLL has faster execution than HLL.
The higher level languages simplify instructions that could have taken many steps in a low level language. So puts("hello"); could be 20 instructions in assembler. So through this simplification, you lose a degree of control, depending on how high the language is.
Binary semaphore is a semaphore with the integer value ranges over 0 and 1 whereas the counting semaphore's integer value ranges over unrestricted domain. Binary semaphores are easier to implement comparing with the counting semaphore. Binary semaphore allows only one thread to access the resource at a time. But counting semaphore allows N accesses at a time. The 2 operations that are defined for binary semaphores are take and release. The 2 operations that are defined for counting semaphores are wait and signal
Yes. User-level language is a high-level language because it requires a high degree of abstraction between the language and the machine code emitted by the language. Even a graphical user interface (GUI) can be considered a high-level language because it (can) allow users to indirectly interact with the machine's low-level facilities. Conversely, machine-level languages are low-level languages because there is little to no abstraction between the language and the resultant machine code. Note that the only language actually understood by the machine is its own native machine code (every machine type has its own variant of machine code). Both high-level and low-level languages allow users to create machine code. Low-level languages give the programmer (the user) near absolute control over the machine whereas high-level languages tend to limit the amount of control. There is no real distinction between the various high-level languages and the amount of low-level control the user has within them, it's merely a general term that implies there is a high degree of abstraction involved. Although the programmer has less control over the machine code, the machine code produced by high level language compilers can be just as good if not better than hand-crafted assembly instructions. This is because modern compilers can analyse vast amounts of source code much more quickly than any human and can therefore produce more optimal code. Languages such as C++ are specifically designed such that programmers will very rarely need to resort to low-level code such as inline assembly.
High level languages allow much more abstraction than low level languages. This allows algorithms and functions to be written without requiring detailed knowledge of the hardware used in the computing platform. Low level languages will require more involvement with the actual register and interrupt interfaces to the hardware. This can provide more control and efficiency for the program and can be good for applications which need high speed execution, but high level compilers are much better at optimizing for speed now.
Programming languages can be categorized into low-level and high-level languages. Low-level languages, like machine code and assembly language, are closer to the computer's hardware and are more complex to write but offer more control over the system. High-level languages, like Python and Java, are easier to write and understand, but are further from the hardware and offer less control. The hierarchy of programming languages is based on their level of abstraction and how close they are to the hardware.
The level of abstraction. Low-level languages like assembler have very little in the way of abstraction and the programmer is in complete control over the resulting machine code. However, the programmer only has the architecture's instruction codes to work with so programs must be written in minute detail. High-level languages have a high degree of abstraction with little or no interaction between the programmer and the underlying architecture. While this allows programmer to produce working code more rapidly, the code may not be as efficient as an assembler language implementation. Languages such as C++ are high-level, but offer some low-level functionality such as pointer arithmetic to produce highly-efficient machine code with relatively little effort. By contrast, Java is more abstract and compiles to byte code which must be interpreted by the Java virtual machine. As such, it performs very poorly against a C++ implementation, but is a good deal more portable as the Java virtual machine handles the specific architecture from a single compilation, whereas C++ must be compiled separately for each architecture.
A telegram, a telephone, a computer, a semaphore, a telegraph.
When we consider a modular solution to any problem, many levels of abstraction can be posed. At the highest level of abstraction, a solution is stated in broad terms using of the problem environment. At lower levels of abstraction, a mmore detailed description of the solution is provided.
At least over 5 feet
protein over spill in urine level 10
Semaphore was invented as a visual signaling system to relay messages over long distances. It was developed to communicate with ships at sea or between different points on land where other methods of communication like smoke signals or flags were not practical. Semaphore systems used different flag positions to represent different letters or words and were widely used before the invention of the telegraph.
Do you mean what it was when he was diagnosed. It was over 790 which is extremly high.
Anything over 120 would be good. Over 140 is considered genius level.