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Why use working stress method for water tank design?
i think , because water tanks are more vulnerable structures and plus the tank is sometime overfilled and sometime empty, the pressure inside is so varying, its needs more safety precautions and as we all know working stress method assumes more safety factor than limit state design, which is an economical design, we prefer to use working stress method...
What year was the water wheel built?
The ancient Greeks built the water wheel, and while there isn't an exact year, it was probably developed sometime between the 4rd and 2nd century BC
When was the first steam engine made and working?
The first practical steam-powered 'engine' was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery.
Who developed the practical steam engine in 1705?
Thomas Newcomen, an English inventor, developed the first practical steam engine for pumping water. Newcomen was concerned about the flooding that was common in tin and coal mines and wanted to develop a better system in which he could remove the water. Around 1705 - 1710 CE Newcomen created his steam engine that could be used as a pump.
What is the best water pressure for residential?
"Best" is a matter of opinion. The "best" water pressure is one that allows you to use the lowest possible pressure to allow proper function of all your fixtures. This reduces the stress on all of the pipes, fittings, fixtures, and appliances that require water. Typical residential water pressure runs between 30psi and 80psi.
Why viscosity of mercury is less than water?
viscosity of mercury is lesser than of water,because shear stress developed in water is more than mercury, this is taken from the relation viscosity is directly proportional to the shear stress and inversely proportional to velocity gradient.from fluid mechanics.
What are some examples of Newtonian fluids and how do they behave under shear stress?
Newtonian fluids are fluids that have a constant viscosity, such as water and most oils. When subjected to shear stress, Newtonian fluids exhibit a linear relationship between the shear rate and shear stress, meaning they flow consistently and predictably.
How does the shear box tests where water is used as a pore water fluid. Discuss how the different drainage conditions for various soil types(sand silt and clay) may affect the measurement of the?
shear stress at failure?
Uncontrolled growth of settlement on hazardous hill slopes causing landslide?
landslides is a form of mass movement. an increase in shear stress and decrease in shear strenght will cause mass movement. 1) the weight of the houses alone will add shear stress to the earth beneath. leading to slope failure which can be landslides or any other kind of mass movement 2) settlements mean that there will be plumbing. the underground pipes might leak and water plays major roles in landslides. firstly. water will lubricate rock layers. causing the soil to be unstable, decreasing shear strenght. the weight of water also adds to shear stress. and water also disolves the cohesive materials that keep soil particles together, decreasing shear strength. water will also increase in pore water pressure. that increases the shear stress. 3) if trees were cleared on the hill slopes to make way for settlements. this will also cause landslides. this is because trees like willows have roots that are water seeking. meaning they will dig deep down into the earth. holding the soil together. so removing the trees will mean a decrease in shear strength.
How many degrees in a slope would most likely produce a mass movement?
That depends on what the "mass" is made of. The angle of repose depends on the material the slope is made from and the presence (amount) of water in the material. Fs = Shear Strength/Shear Stress
Advantages and disadvantages of the shear box test?
Advantages: 1) The test's simplicity and, in the case of sands, the ease of specimen preparation. 2) The travel of the machine can be reversed to determine the residual shear strength values, which is shear strength parameters at large displacements. 3) Shear box represents a cheaper method in determining the drained shear strength parameters for coarse-grained soil. Preparing soil samples for other testing methods is relatively difficult and expensive. disadvantages: 1) The main one: drainage conditions cannot be controlled. 2) As pore water pressure cannot be measured, only the total normal stress can be determined, although this is equal to the effective normal stress if the pore water pressure is zero. 3) Only an approximation to the state of pure shear is produced in the specimen and shear stress on the failure plane is not uniform, failure occurring progressively from the edges towards the center of the specimen. 4) The area under the shear and vertical loads does not remain constant throughout the test.
What is the difference between a newtonian and non-newtonian?
There are four main onesThixotropicViscosity decreases with stress over time. E.g. Some honey (keep stirring and solid honey becomes liquid)RheopecticViscosity increases with stress over time. E.g. Cream (the longer you whip it the thicker it gets)Shear thinningViscosity decreases with increased stress. E.g. Ketchup (you have to shake the bottle to get it out)Dilatant or shear thickeningViscosity increases with increased stress. E.g. Oobleck (cornstarch and water, looks like a liquid but hit it and it is a solid)
What is a Dilatant fluid?
A dilatant fluid, also known as a shear-thickening fluid, is a type of fluid that becomes thicker and more viscous when subjected to stress or shear forces. This is the opposite of most fluids, which become thinner and less viscous when stressed. An example of a dilatant fluid is a mixture of cornstarch and water.
Why are slope movements commonly preceded by a decrease in effective stress?
Slope movements are commonly preceded by a decrease in effective stress because there is a direct correlation between effective stress and the strength of a frictional material like soil, whereby as the effective stress decreases, the normal stress on any potential shear surface within the material also decreases. This in turn leads to a reduction in the shear strength of said surface. If this reduces to such an extent that the shear stress on the surface exceeds the frictional shear strength, movement can occur. Further to this, slopes composed of fine grained clay soils will undergo shrink and swell cycles as effective stress changes occur which can lead to strain softening behaviour and progressive failure. For more information see the related link. In particular review the equation in section 3.4 where frictional strength on a theoretical slip surface is shown to be dependent on the total normal stress (sigma n) acting on the surface minus the pore water pressure (u) or in other words the strength is directly proportional to the normal effective stress).
What is important of effective stress in soil mechanics?
Effective Stress is the grain to grain contact of soil particles. the higher the effective stress, the stronger the soil. effective stress at a certain depth is calculated as follows: Effective stress = total stress - pore water pressure the pore water pressure is often taken as water table. pore water pressure has a negative effectice on effective stress, as it hinders grain to grain contact.
Differences between triaxial test and shear box test?
Shear box tests are generally suitable for cohensionless soil except fine sand and silt whereas triaxial test is suitable for all types of soils. Pressure changes and volume changes can be measured directly in triaxial test which is not possible in shear box test. Pore water pressure can be measured in the case of triaxial test which is not possible in direct shear test. Triaxial machine is more adaptable. The stress distribution across the soil sample in the failure plane is more uniform in triaxial test. The complete state of stress is known at all intermediate stages up to failure during the triaxial test whereas only the stress at failure are known in the direct shear test. In triaxial test, there is complete control over the drainage conditions, where control of drainage conditions is very difficult in shear box test.
How can the addition of water affect the stability of the slope?
The addition of water can decrease the stability of a slope by increasing pore water pressure, reducing the effective stress between soil particles, and decreasing the shear strength of the soil. This can lead to slope failure through processes such as landslides or soil erosion.
