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Thermal conductivity in a substance relies on the collisions of the molecules within the substance to impart the vibrational, rotational and/or kinetic energy of one molecule to another molecule. Because the molecules in a gas are (usually) much more widely spaced than in a liquid or solid, the collisions are less frequent and it takes longer for the energy to propagate through the volume occupied by the gas. There is also the matter that because there are fewer molecules in a given volume of gas - compared to if a liquid of solid were occupying the space - there are fewer molecules impacting the heat source and the heat sink - consequently a gas is slower to pick up the heat energy from the source and transfer it to the sink. A third factor is that because gases are less dense than liquids or solids, they have a much lower heat capacity than those denser phases. The lower heat capacity acts somewhat to throttle the rate at which heat can be transferred.

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