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On any given locus, there are different possible forms of a gene, called "alleles." There is a dominant allele for each gene, often expressed by a capital letter. Recessive genes are frequently denoted with a minuscule letter. For example, "R" would represent a dominant allele and "r" a recessive one. Every individual has two alleles each gene (for example, Rr, RR, or rr); in this pair, a dominant allele is expressed if it is present, regardless of what other allele is carried. Recessive alleles, conversely, will only be expressed if there are two of them -- rr, in this case.

There may be more than two alleles in each set, but they all follow the rule of dominance. For example, ra might be dominant to rb, which might be dominant to r. In some cases, dominance is incomplete. This means that individuals heterozygous for a certain gene -- meaning both the alleles are different, i.e. Rr, as opposed to the same (homozygous) -- will express a different trait than those homozygous recessive (rr) or dominant (RR).

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