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The word above is usually an adverb or preposition. But it can be considered a noun when used to mean a preceding item, as in "refer to the above" -- but here there is actually a missing word (e.g. section) for which above is an adjective.
The phrase "all of the above" is a final choice on a multiple choice answer to a question. It means that the preceding possible answers are all correct answers. Occasionally there may be a different choice or a choice afterward, which is "none of the above" meaning that none of the answers is correct.
The symbol over the é in café is there because the acute accent (accent aigu) indicates pronunciation.
IT IS CALLED A DIACRITICAL MARK. SEE:A diacritic (pronounced /daɪəˈkrɪtɪk/) (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign) is an ancillary glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός(diakritikós, "distinguishing"). Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute ( ´ ) and grave ( ` ) but not the cedilla ( ¸ ), are often called accents. Diacritical marks may appear above or below a letter, or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.The main use of diacritics in the Latin alphabet is to change the sound value of the letter to which they are added. Examples from English are the diaeresis in naïve and Noël, which show that the vowel with the diaeresis mark is pronounced separately from the preceding vowel; the acute and grave 'accents', which indicate that a final vowel is to be pronounced, as in saké and poetic breathèd, and the cedilla under the "c" in the loaned French word façade, which shows it is pronounced /s/ rather than /k/. In other Latin alphabets, they may distinguish between homonyms, such as French là "there" versus la "the", which are both pronounced [la]. In Gaelic type, a dot over the letter f indicates that it is silent.Diacritical marksaccentacute accent ( ´ )double acute accent ( ˝ )grave accent ( ` )double grave accent ( ̏ )breve ( ˘ )caron / háček ( ˇ )cedilla / cédille ( ¸ )circumflex / vokáň ( ˆ )diaeresis / umlaut ( ¨ )dot ( · )anunaasika ( ˙ )anusvara ( ̣ )chandrabindu ( ँ ঁ ઁ ଁ ఁ )hook / dấu hỏi ( ̉ )horn / dấu móc ( ̛ )macron ( ¯ )ogonek / nosinė ( ˛ )ring / kroužek ( ˚, ˳ )rough breathing / spiritus asper ( ῾ )smooth breathing / spiritus lenis ( ᾿ )Marks sometimes used as diacriticsapostrophe ( ' )bar ( | )colon ( : )comma ( , )hyphen ( ˗ )tilde ( ~ )titlo ( ҃ )v • d • eIn other alphabetic systems, diacritics may perform other functions. Vowel pointing systems, namely the Arabic harakat ( ـَ, ـُ, ـُ, etc.) and the Hebrew niqqud ( ַ, ֶ, ִ, ֹ , ֻ, etc.) systems, indicate sounds (vowels and tones) that are not conveyed by the basic alphabet. The Indic virama ( ् etc.) and the Arabic waṣla (above alif ٱ ) and sukūn ( ـْـ ) mark the absence of a vowel. Cantillation marks indicate prosody. Other uses include the Early Cyrillic titlo ( ◌҃ ) and the Hebrew gershayim ( ״ ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms, and Greek diacritics, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals.In orthography and collation, a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter-diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and, in some cases, from case to case within a language.In some publications, also letters (as opposed to ancillary glyphs) are in some cases considered to be "in-line diacritics", because they could be said to function like a diacritic, modifying the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in English "sh" and "th"[1].
It won't let me use all the phonetic symbols. how to write it is sl[insert and 1 with a horizontal line above it]s Sl as in SLip. ICE as in ICEberg.
Yes, diacritical marks are used above vowels in some languages to indicate pronunciation variations, stress, or tonal changes. They can help to guide correct pronunciation and distinguish between different sounds.
Accents
The symbol above the number 9 is called a "caret" or "circumflex." In various contexts, it can indicate an exponent in mathematics, such as in the notation for powers (e.g., 9^2 for 9 squared). Additionally, in some languages, it serves as a diacritical mark to alter the pronunciation of a letter.
To diacritically mark a word, you can add diacritical marks such as accents, tildes, or umlauts to indicate pronunciation or change the meaning of a word. In many cases, these marks are placed above or below certain letters in a word to modify their sounds.
Anusvara is a diacritic symbol in Hindi script that represents a nasal sound when placed above a consonant. It is commonly used in the pronunciation of words in Hindi to indicate nasalization of the preceding vowel sound.
The two dots above the "e" in Brontë are called a diaeresis. It is used to indicate that the "e" is pronounced separately from the preceding vowel. It is a diacritic mark that helps with the correct pronunciation and emphasis of the name.
A dash above an alphabet in a word, known as a macron, indicates that the vowel is to be pronounced with a long sound. This diacritical mark is commonly used in various languages, including Latin and Māori, to distinguish between short and long vowel sounds. In some contexts, it can also signify a specific phonetic pronunciation or stress in a word.
The long vowel symbol is a bar across the top of the letter, called a macron.The short vowel symbol is a U-shaped curved line called a breve.
'Diacritical marks' or diacritics, are glyphs placed above or below letters to indicate a special pronunciation of that letter, or that a final vowel is to be pronounced, or in some languages to distinguish between two distinct words that are spelled and pronounced in the same way.In the word façade the diacritic (cedilla) attached to the bottom of the letter c indicates that it is pronounced as an s and not a k.In the words Noël and Naïve the diacritic (diaeresis) indicates that its letter is pronounced separately from the other vowel and not as you might pronounce a diphthong. In these words the stress is also on the vowels with diacritics.In German words the double dot above a vowel is called an umlaut, and it changes the sound of the vowel.
A "y" with two dots above it, known as "ÿ," is called a diaeresis or umlaut. In languages like French and German, it can indicate that the vowel is pronounced separately from the preceding vowel, affecting the word's pronunciation. In some contexts, it can also appear in transliterations or specific names.
A (apex)
The dot above a "j" is called a "tittle." It is a diacritical mark used in various Latin alphabet scripts to distinguish the letter from others and to aid in readability. The tittle is also found above the lowercase "i."