A person who goes against the flow (of society, their community, their established culture, and so on) might be called a nonconformist.
Defector, Traitor, Double Agent.
this person is called a pedestrian
A deserter - or turncoat.
a diver
In the US, we often call a clever person a fox. We also say"that person is dumb like a fox" Meaning the person pretends to be unintelligent to serve his own purpose while he is really intelligent. The word clever has a conotation that goes beyond smart or intelligent. It encompassses a person with both brains and the savvy or ability to use it in a way that is quick, witty and endearing.
A person who goes against their own country is often referred to as a "traitor" or a "defector," depending on the circumstances of their actions.
Defector, Traitor, Double Agent.
easy going
this person is called a pedestrian
this person is called a soldier
Modern.
A holidaymaker or tourist
The person is known as a blackleg.
Such a person could be refered to as precocious.
nonconformist
They are treasonous and are called traitors.
A person who goes on a trip for a religious purpose is commonly referred to as a pilgrim.