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Evidence refers to matters which tend to prove an alleged fact. It is often put forward to establish a fact in an inquiry into the past, whether historical, academic or forensic. Evidence generally falls into three categories: eyewitness testimony, documentary evidence, and physical evidence. Eyewitness testimony is someone's account of what they have seen or heard. Documentary evidence consists of letters, official records, and the like. Physical evidence is the kind of evidence found by Sherlock Holmes or CSI: objects which are associated with the inquiry.

Evidence can be considered weak or strong generally on two bases: reliability and probative value. Reliability means the likelihood that the evidence itself has been faked or is otherwise inaccurate, while probative value means how strong the connection between the evidence and the fact it is meant to prove. Eyewitness evidence generally has good probative value (depending on what exactly is being said) but dubious reliability. Physical evidence is very reliable, but its probative value is often questionable.

So, in an inquiry into a workplace accident, a statement by one worker that he saw the injured worker acting contrary to the safety rules is eyewitness testimony, the record of when the worker signed in for his shift is documentary, and the machine which malfunctioned is physical evidence.

Often people mistake argument for evidence. "He couldn't have caused the accident because he has been an employee for 10 years and never had an accident before" is an argument, not evidence.

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