In logic, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches.
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. We might begin with thinking up a theoryabout our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specifichypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data -- a confirmation (or not) of our original theories.
Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach (please note that it's "bottom up" and not"bottoms up" which is the kind of thing the bartender says to customers when he's trying to close for the night!). In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.
These two methods of reasoning have a very different "feel" to them when you're conducting research. Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning. Deductive reasoning is more narrow in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses. Even though a particular study may look like it's purely deductive (e.g., an experiment designed to test the hypothesized effects of some treatment on some outcome), most social research involves both inductive and deductive reasoning processes at some time in the project. In fact, it doesn't take a rocket scientist to see that we could assemble the two graphs above into a single circular one that continually cycles from theories down to observations and back up again to theories. Even in the most constrained experiment, the researchers may observe patterns in the data that lead them to develop new theories.
deduction is a subtraction of something
Induction is a noun.
Deduction.
A retro pay deduction is an odd concept. It means that the company forgot to take out the deduction before, so they are correcting the error.
"the midwife gave me an appointment to have my labour Induced today
I came to this conclusion using inductive reasoning. The inductive effect by the wire can create a static charge in the metal case.
Induction is reasoning down to a set of principles, from facts. Deduction is going from a generalized down to particulars.
Induction in the opposite direction
Deduction STARTS with a generaliztaion! Induction ENDS with a generalization!
Neither. It is an IDENTITY.
In research, deduction involves reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions, while induction involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations. Both deduction and induction are important in developing hypotheses, testing theories, and advancing scientific knowledge through logic and evidence.
The Declaration of Independence uses DEDUCTIVE thinking
* deduction * induction * speculation
Intuition, induction, and deduction are types of reasoning used in geometry. Deduction uses logic to form a conclusion based on given statements.
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construction, deconstruction, destruction induction
The two types are deductive and inductive. Deduction centrally involves what is supposed to be demonstrative evidence, and induction centrally involves what is supposed to be nondemonstrative evidence.
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