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It's a view consisting in viewing the world through language. That is the world for me is only what I can grasp through language. Ludwig Witgenstein said that "the borders of my lanuguage are the boarders of my world". (my translation, so might not be exact)
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How does learning happen in audio-lingualism?
Learning in audio-lingualism occurs through repeated exposure to language input in the form of recordings. Learners listen to and imitate model sentences, focusing on mimicry and repetition to internalize the language patterns. This approach emphasizes drilling and pattern practice to develop automaticity in language production.
Strength and weakness of multicultural and multi-lingualism?
Multiculturalism has arisen is an historical context and one needs to look in North America at the context in which it occurred to understand its positives and shortcomings. After WW11 the policies of Assimilation were brought into question as a result of the Genocide based on racial ideologies perpetuating economic and social control of Dominant powers. Shortly following this political context it was decided to adopt more pluralistic approaches to immigration policy. This included an attempt at tolerance of difference as opposed to the melting pot ideology. The strengths of this were more around Durkheimian Theory of group solidarity, creating a feeling of belonging and ethnic identity as opposed to the alienation experienced in this complex Capitalist world. The weaknesses of this can be seen in that muticulturism is in essence ineffective in dealing with real social inequalities, racism and Angol dominance. Infact as long as it does not challenge Anglo Dominant ideologies it is promoted. It is even used as an ideological tool by the Dominant Governments of the day to keep the appearance of tolerance alive. In fact many of the programs such as educational workshops promote racism as being an individualistic ignorant mindset as opposed to owning it as a systemic political tool in the form of policy and strategy. It may also fail in it being too effective in hardening stereotypes and thus furthering ghettoizing or ethnic enclaves. It also is seen to promote cultural relativism as opposed to owning a national truth. Although arguments in Canada are that "liberal" multiculturalism exists that does reinforce a national yardstick of measurement. Example female circumcision was banned although it was considered a culturally relative right by certain groups. It is also seen to marginalize some ethnic groups further at the ironic attempt of greater acceptance of them. Finally it may be seen by certain groups to undermine their individual claims, such as Land Rights of Aboriginals or nationalism of Francophones. Ultimately in the light of North American terrorism, such as 9/11, many critics blame it on these policies of allowing all "cultures" to prevail alongside. Quebec has adopted a policy of Interculturism as opposed to Multiculturism where the maintance of French involves the protection and preservation of its'culture. It also moves away from the descriptive pluralism running side by side and embraces interwoven cultures that are still part of a National unity defined by its language.
What was causes of fall of east Pakistan?
CAUSES OF THE FALL OF EAST PAKISTAN:GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:Eats and West Pakistan happened to be 16000Km from eachother. Taking the advantage of large distance and different cultures of the people of two wings, India made propaganda in East Pakistan and misguided them and made them to separate from Pakistan.DIFFERENEC IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE:Due to large distance east and west wings there happened tobe lot of difference in the social structures between the 2 wings. They could not develop understanding with each other. The officers belonging to East Pakistan were very friendly. On the contrary the officers from West Pakistan,when posted in eats Pakistan, had a different attitude towards the people and maintained distance from them. This created a sense of hate against West Pakistan.MARTIAL LAWS:Ayub Khan's martial law prevented to establish a suitable parliamentary government in the country.The public leaders believed that martial laws were the real obstacle in the wayof establishment of a parliamentary system of government.LANGUAGE ISSUE:Due to lingualism and influence of west Bengal's Bengali speaking Hindus, East Pakistani people did not like the west Pakistanis.Demonstrations were held against the government and number of Bengali students lost their lives.PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY:East Pakistan wanted complete provincial autonomy, which wasnot given even though their people demanded for it. This demand was not accepted till India had attacked East Pakistan in 1971.ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION AND PROPAGANDA:Awami League Party in Bengal made propaganda that east Pakistanis were deprived of economic equality.ROLE OF HINDU TEACHERS:There were Hindu Bengali teachers who taught negative thinking to east Pakistani students against the people of West Pakistan.INTERNATIONAL CONSPIRACY:About 10 million Hindus lived in East Pakistan who hatched on international conspiracy against Pakistan. America also wanted separation of east Pakistan. Russia openly supported India's aggression against Pakistan.SHEIKH MUJIB'S MAJORITY IN ELECTION OF 1970:On winning the majority in the elections of 1970, Sheikh Mujibur-Rehman started increasing his demands, which were ignored by the military junta ruling Pakistan.MILITARY ACTION IN EAST PAKISTAN:After the general elections of December 1970, the law and order situation in East Pakistan had gone from bad to worse. General Ayub Khandeclared Awami Party illegal and took military action against East Pakistan.This created hatred among Bengalis and they also started armed struggle.INDIA'S ATTACK:As a result of military actions, leaders of Awami League anda large number of Bengalis escaped to India. India started interfering in the affairs of Pakistan. India termed military action in East Pakistan as an attack on India. On December 16, 1971. East Pakistan became an independent and free state of Bangladesh.RECOGNITION OF BANGLADESH:On the occasion of second Islamic Summit Conference whichwas held in Lahore from 22 to 24, 1947. About 40 depends of Muslim statesparticipated in the conference and to display a sense of brotherhood. Pakistanrecognized Bangladesh as an independent state. Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman waswarmly welcome in Pakistan.source material listed with link
