observations you've made
A hypothesis is an educated guess based on facts and other empirical evidence. Generally a hypothesis what you assume will be the result of an experiment.
hypothesis
When theoretical physicists work on equations and don't test their hypothesis, experimental physicists test their hypothesis and verify their conclusion. Usually theoretical physicists work on things like black holes and string-theory when experimental physicists work on Newtonian laws.
Promotions at work are usually based upon how you excel at your job. Many people also get promotions when they have been at their job for a certain amount of time.
say that your hypothesis is incorrect in your conclusion
Based on the information included in the question, the best hypothesis is that it's broke.
You can calculate a result that is somehow related to the mean, based on the data available. Provided that you can work out its distribution under the null hypothesis against appropriate alternatives, you have a test statistic.
reference to a work of literature in another work of literature.
They are called periodicals.
No, "Alice in Wonderland" is a work of fantasy literature by Lewis Carroll. There is no evidence to suggest that it is based on a serial killer.
"La Traviata" is based on the literature work "La dame aux Camelias." You can get more information about the La Traviata at the Wikipedia. Once on the website, type "La traviata" into the search field at the top of the page and press enter to bring up the information.
The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to authors who have produced outstanding literary work that has a significant impact on world literature. The recipient is selected by the Swedish Academy based on their body of work, with factors such as literary quality, thematic depth, and international relevance taken into consideration.